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Happy national day, Aran! Bon jorn nacional, Aran!
Best wishes on your national day from Catalonia. May your language and culture flourish freely in the times to come!
Here’s song by the Catalan band Ebri Knight dedicated to the people of Occitania. The song celebrates the strength of the Occitan culture and how it struggles to resist the intents of eliminating it that has been suffering for centuries.
Below are the original lyrics of the song in Catalan and their translation to English.
The song makes reference to the bird in Se Canta, the unofficial anthem of Occitania (which is heard at the end of the song), and the flower is probably a reference to De cap tà l’immortèla by Nadau, one of the most famous Occitan songs. The last two lines and name of the song could be a reference to Perqué m’an pas dit by Claudi Martí.
Has baixat per les aigües clares, You have gone down through clear waters,
dies avall fins els teus mars. days down until [reaching] your seas.
El vent fred t'ha cremat la cara The cold wind has burnt your face
però has tingut sempre el braç alçat. but you have always kept your arm raised.
Cims i muntanyes no t'han cansat. Peaks and mountains have not tired you.
Vas sentir un ocell que cantava You heard a bird who sang
sense conèixer quina cançó; without knowing the song;
al teu cap tot l'infern tronava in your head the whole Hell was thundering
però vas partir empassant la por, but you marched swallowing the fear,
avançant cap a la teva flor. going forward towards your flower.
La lliçó mai va ser prou clara, The lesson was never clear enough,
dites i senyes d'un altre lloc. sayings and signs from another place.
Però eres viva i ho ets encara, But you were alive and you still are so,
fent-te més forta pels pobles d'Òc, becoming stronger for the peoples of Òc,
llevant-te alegre del llarg malson. waking up cheerful after the long nightmare.
Entre valls i finestres velles Between valleys and old windows
has dut la flama i l'esperit. you carried the flame and the spirit.
Els carrers i els cants despertes. You wake up the streets and the chants.
El teu nom mai l'havien dit. They had never said your name.
El teu nom mai l'havien dit. They had never said your name.
17th of June is the Hèsta d'Aran (Day of the Aran Valley). Happy hèsta to our Aranese friends! ✠
If you'd like to learn more about this little piece of the Occitan nation in Catalonia, you can read more about what this holiday commemorates in this post, and you can learn more about why Aran became part of Catalonia in this post.
And for people who understand Catalan, the man in the video is one of the hosts of País invisible, a podcast dedicated to Occitan culture explained in Catalan.
Yesterday I posted about singulars turned plurals: cherries used to be a singular but became a plural with a new singular form cherry. Data and panini are instances of the opposite process: since these loanwords lack the English plural suffix -s, they're now most often used as singulars. Here are four examples from the Romance languages. Latin plural nouns became singular forms in Romance.
Surrealist artist Salvador Dalí's home in Portlligat, a fishermen's cove in Comarques Gironines, Catalonia.
In 1929, Dalí moved back from Paris to the area of Catalonia where he was from. He bought a small fishermen's cabin from a fisherman's widow and moved in with his wife, Gala. He started buying the houses of other fishermen that were around that one, and eventually built this labyrinthic "biological structure" (as he called it) consisting on different buildings decorated with things that Dalí collected throughout his life.
Dalí lived and worked here with Gala between 1930 and 1982, until Gala's death. Here, he could get away from the busy life of Paris and get closer to an ascetic lifestyle. In Dalí's words (translated):
It was there [in this house] where I learned to become poorer, to limit and file down my thoughts to give it the efficacy of an axe, where blood tasted like blood and honey tasted like honey. [...] Gala and I went months and months without any more personal contacts than Lídia [the widow whose cabin he bought], her two children, our maid, Ramon de Hermosa and the handful of fishermen who kept their nets in the Portlligat cabins. At night, they all went to Cadaqués, and Portlligat remained absolutely deserted, inhabited only by the two of us.
Dalí never came back after Gala's death in 1982. He died in 1989. The building has been preserved and nowadays it's a museum: Casa-Museu Salvador Dalí.
1st photo from Girona Tour and the rest by Bob Masters for Calaix.
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View from Saint Stephen’s chapel in the village of Dorve, in the Àneu Valleys (High Pyrenees, Catalonia). Past the trees, the bell tower of the village’s church rises with the characteristic pointy shape and black slate of the Catalan Pyrenees architecture.
Photo by ivan_fernandez_bernal on Instagram.
When Catalonia's National Art Museum (MNAC) acquired this piece, they thought it represented Jesus Christ on the cross. On a closer study, they realised it represents a woman: Saint Wilgefortis (Santa Lliberada in Catalan, which means "Saint Liberated").
This wooden sculpture was made by an artist called Andreu Sala around the year 1689 for the church of El Carme in Barcelona, Catalonia. But why does a female saint have a beard? This is not a shock to anyone familiar with this saint's story.
According to the legends, Wilgerfortis was the daughter of a pagan king of Portugal. She converted to Christianity in secret and made a vow of chastity. Her father gave her hand in marriage to a pagan or Moorish king, but she refused to marry anyone. To avoid marriage, she prayed to God to disfigure her to make men find her ugly. God answered her prayers and blessed her by making her grow a beard. The marriage was broken and that made her father angry. He accused Wilgerfortis of witchcraft and had her crucified, like Christ had been.
There are different hypothesis about the origin of this legend:
Some say it might be related to ancient intersex divinities, such as the Ancient Greek Hermaphroditus.
Others say it might have its origin in a side-effect of malnourishment that many nuns had. In convents, it was very common to fast (=not eat for long periods of time for religious reasons), so many nuns had hormonal imbalances that can result in growing facial hair.
The most widespread hypothesis seems to be that Saint Wilgerfortis and similar legends were created to re-interpret the Christs in Majesty that culturally didn't seem male anymore. Because of Byzantine influence, in the Romanesque period (11th-13th centuries), sometimes Christ on the Cross was represented wearing a long tunic tied at the waist and looking calm. After that period, Christ on the Cross was always represented half naked and suffering. They are so different that they look like different saints and the long dress fitted at the waist was associated with women at the time, so people who saw the old representations of Christ would assume it was a woman with a beard, and came up with legends to explain the beard.
Here you can compare the two ways of representing Christ. On the left, the statue called Majestat Batlló, made in the 1100s in la Garrotxa (Catalonia) in Romanesque style. On the right, the Calvari painting made around 1470 in Granollers (Catalonia). Both of them are kept in MNAC.
There are some other saints with very similar stories to Saint Wilgefortis, like Saint Múnia of Barcelona.
Now you might be wondering, how do we know this statue represents Saint Wilgefortis and not Christ? First of all, this statue is from the Baroque period, where Christ was never represented wearing a long tunic and hadn't been for centuries. Culturally, it would not make any sense for a Catalan artist in the 1600s to represent Christ or any normative man wearing what by then was a woman's dress. Secondly, if you look at the statue from the side, you can see that she has some boobs. And lastly, when the statue was restored, they found a textile fragment at the bottom of the tunic, which was a stitching work made from lace. Traditionally, lace has been a type of decoration used in women’s clothing.
So there is no doubt that this statue, like others that can be found all around Europe, represents Saint Wilgefortis. The woman who was blessed with a beard, and who we call Saint Liberated because her beard liberated her.
Couplets in honour of Saint Wilgefortis for the church Sant Cugat del Rec in Barcelona, Catalonia. 18th century. Source: Mediateques Montpellier. Here, the images represent her without a beard, but the poem explains her story.
Traditionally, Saint Wilgefortis has been patron saint of agriculture, travellers, children who were stunted or had difficulty walking, skin diseases, pets, laundresses, and the agony of the dying. In more recent times, two more were added: Saint Wilgefortis is the patron saint of transgender people and has been claimed as a lesbian martyr.
Source: Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.
These are considered the most classic Catalan style of earrings. They're long earrings made of gold or silver with incrusted gems and were very popular in Catalonia in the 18th and 19th centuries.
They we nicknamed "herring earrings" (arracades d'arengada in Catalan) because its shape looks kind of like a hanging herring fish.
They are usually made up of 3 or 4 different parts (the button on the earlobe, the central piece, two side pieces, and a final little one hanging from the bottom of the central piece) that could be mounted or dismounted at will. The longest versions would be worn only on special occasions, and in those days they could be quite long (the longest ones reaching 15 cm). On everyday occasions, they could wear only the top part, shaped like a button.
Left: Gold and garnet 19th century Catalan earrings from Auctionet. Right: Gold and emeralds 19th century Catalan earrings from Auctionet.
Left: Gold and garnet 19th century Catalan earrings from Auctionet. Right: Gold and silver with emeralds 19th century Catalan earrings from Auctionet.
Left: Gold and emeralds 19th century Catalan earrings from Auctionet. Right: Gold and emeralds late 18th century Catalan earrings from TodoColección.
Info source: Enciclopèdia Catalana, L'herència de la joieria catalana - Pilar Vélez.
I saw these ones recently in a museum and took a photo because you can see what they look like separated, when only the top bit was worn. They're not exactly the same type but they work the same way.
Bride earrings from Vilanova de la Barca (Ponent, Catalonia), c. 1905. Collection Ester Llop. Seen in the temporary exhibition "Ara canto per a mi. Les majorales del Roser i les cançons de pandero" at the Music Museum, Barcelona.
@fuckblast i hope it's okay to add your tags, I like this concept!
When I made this post, I couldn't find good-ish quality photos where you could see someone wearing them, to be able to see the size. Now, looking for something completely different, I saw a video where a woman is wearing them. So here's a screenshot!
The oldest door of València'a cathedral, known as Porta de l'Almoina or Porta de Palau. It's easily recognisable because, being the oldest part of the building, it was built in the Romanesque style. Most of the cathedral was built in Gothic style, with some Baroque additions centuries later.
Photo by artfolch on Instagram.
The AIDS Memorial Quilt in Washington DC (USA) in 1996. Photo source: AIDS Memorial Quilt social media.
The AIDS Memorial Quilt was started in 1987 in the USA to show all the lives that were lost to AIDS representing them humanely and not just as a statistic. It was nominated to the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. The idea spread to other countries, and it was also done here in Catalonia starting in 1993.
An event with the local AIDS Memorial Quilt in Barcelona (Catalonia) in the 1990s.
Other parts of the quilt. Photos from Catalonia History Museum.
The AIDS Memorial Quilt is present in over 40 countries, where about 100,000 tapestries have been made to commemorate loved ones who died due to this illness. It is the largest piece of community folk art in the world.
The Quilt has the objective of keeping alive the memory of the people who died of AIDS, but it also has an educational purpose, showing the diversity of people who were affected by it. AIDS was an extremely stigmatised illness because of its association to gay men, drug users, and prostitutes (even though it affected -and still affects- other people, too), that led to some religious leaders and conservative politicians to state that it was divine punishment and that nothing should be done to help the ill people. People with AIDS, their friends and family, and the queer community as a whole had to fight just to be treated like other ill people would.
Nowadays, it is known that the most important tool to not get or spread HIV is to be protected during sex and not share needles. If a person catches HIV, it can be treated with medication that slows down the virus from developing into AIDS so much that it extends the life expectancy to a standard level, so a person can have a normal life while being HIV-positive. For this, it's important to be tested to find it early. For this reason, the people most affected by AIDS in the present are people from countries with little medical resources, with the highest death rates in Africa.
In 2017, the Catalan AIDS Memorial Quilt was donated to the Catalonia History Museum. On World AIDS Day (December 1st) part of it is lent to the Government of Catalonia and the Barcelona City Hall to hang it from the balconies, and it's also exhibited in other occasions.
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The "written bush"
Even though Ramon Llull was a real historical person, there are many legends that talk about him. Born in the year 1232 in Mallorca, he was a prolific writer, philosopher, and theologist, who became the first European writer to use a folk language to write about science, instead of Latin. He wrote mostly in his mother language Catalan, but also in Arabic, Latin, and Occitan. He is one of the founding figures of Catalan literature and was very influential throughout the Christendom for centuries.
But added to the historical facts, many legends and folktales circulate about him or where he shows up, especially in his home island Mallorca.
Around the year 1274, Ramon Llull retired to the Randa mountain (in Mallorca) to meditate, where received the divine illumination to write his Ars. Also in all the area of Randa, you can find many bushes that look like this:
Photos from toponimiamallorca.net and Rafel Bauza Verd.
This is a kind of lentisk bush (Pistacia lentiscus) where the leafs have a change in pigmentation. In Mallorcan Catalan, this bush is called mata escrita, which means "written bush".
Some people say that these are the words dictated by God to Ramon Llull, which spread through nature written in a sacred Eastern alphabet.
Others tell a more mundane story: Ramon Llull used to meditate among the nature of Randa, where he used to get carried away writing. Some times, he would run out of paper, but he didn't want to stop writing his inspired words, before they got out of his head. Then, he would continue writing on the leafs around him. This happened so many times that many bushed in the area were written. When these bushes grew, the leafs would grow still with the text. Centuries later, the bushes still keep the wise man's words.
Sunrise behind the Marimurtra gardens. Comarques Gironines, Catalonia.
Photo from Blanes turisme.
Do people in the Catalan countries have any important funeral traditions? In my culture we keep pictures of deceased relatives in our homes with incense and oranges
We have important unique traditions related to keeping the memory of our dead relatives (especially the ones related to the Day of the Dead), but they are not done in the moment of the funeral. I explain below the funeral parts, but they are generally the same as other Catholic cultures.
The most important moment of remembrance for the dead people, like in the rest of cultures with a Christian background, is the Night of Souls (October 31st), All Saints' Day (November 1st), and the Day of the Dead (November 2nd). The tradition says that on these days the souls of the dead visit the living. Technically, according to the religion on All Saints' Day the living visit the dead (people go to the cemeteries) and on the Day of the Dead it is the dead who visit the living, but both dates have gotten merged over time and now everything is done at once on November 1st.
Here are some traditions that happen on these dates in Catalan culture. When I have talked about them previously in the blog, I will link the post where I explain it in more detail so this post doesn't get too long.
On the night of October 31st, we celebrate the Castanyada or Souls' Night. People meet with the family or friends for this meal. Traditionally, when serving dinner, an extra place is set at the table for the dead person that we wish to remember. We eat special sweets for this holiday (panellets everywhere + other local ones in each area) and roasted chestnuts, and drink moscatell sweet wine.
Every year on November 1st, people go take flowers to the cemeteries and clean or decorate the tombs of their loved ones. Cities and towns put extra public transport to go to the cemeteries on these days because they know they're going to be very busy. This is still very widespread, the other things I will include on this list are done almost exclusively by old people nowadays.
Candles are placed at the windows to guide the souls home for the night. Other people make tealight candles floating on water. They are left lit all night long. Sometimes instead of on the windows they can be left in the room of the person who died. Nowadays it has also become more common to light the candle in front of a photo of the person.
Eating pomegranate around these days, because each pomegranate seed eaten is said to be a soul in purgatory that goes to Heaven.
In natural places where someone has died -or a legend says that someone died- as a result of a crime or an accident, people who walked by would throw a stone to that place as a show of respect.
Back in the day, parent used to hide the traditional sweets of this holiday (panellets) around the house, and the next morning children could play to look for them. Children were told that these sweets were left by the souls of relatives who visited them at night (works similar to Christmas).
Other moments where the dead people are brought up:
Other moments when the person is remembered and relatives take flowers to the grave include the anniversary of their death and their birthday.
For people who are religious, when they need help with something, it has been historically common to light a candle to a specific dead relative to ask for their help. This little altar works the same way as a when asking help to a saint, because it's understood that the relative is in Heaven too.
Same as in other countries, here too in the past it has been widespread to believe that the stars in the night sky are souls. When thinking of a dead loved one, people used to look for a particularly bright star and they could think that's them. Some said that very bright stars are souls in purgatory who can't cross to Heaven and are calling for attention (prayers can make souls in purgatory go to Heaven sooner), while the dim stars are souls in Heaven who are satisfied. Shooting stars were said to be souls who are leaving Purgatory who are ascending to Heaven.
For the funeral process itself, we don't have unique funerary traditions, as far as I know, except for some songs and dance that used to be done when a newborn died, but we don't do those anymore, infant mortality is very low, so for once we are lucky to have lost those traditions. Some musicians who do traditional music still pass them down.
When a child died, people used to dance to the "wake songs". This was done until the 1930s in the Valencian Country and the south of Catalonia (Terres de l'Ebre region), and it seems like it was lost in the rest of Catalonia much earlier.
The French artist Gustave Doré drew it in 1890, because he saw it happen in the town of Xixona (Valencian Country) when he was travelling there and he found it very surprising that people threw a party when a kid had died.
Here's some examples of wake songs. The lyrics are allegorical to the death of their loved child or talk about the ritual itself.
I translated this song in the post linked here.
Our funeral process follows the way it works in Catholic countries, even though more people do non-religious funerals nowadays it still follows the old Catholic structure: bell ringing, wake, ceremony, transport, and burial. I explain this process under the cut.
I love these illustrations of Mallorcan traditions.
The first one is Sant Joan Pelut i les Àguiles drawn by Bartolomé Seguí and the second one is the Cossiers dance drawn by Margalida Vinyes. From the exhibition Les festes (il·lustrades) de Mallorca (source).
This song may be one of the most beautiful anthems in the world, in my opinion.
La Balanguera. Inspired on a traditional Mallorcan song, the lyrics are a poem by Joan Alcover (1854-1926) to which Amadeu Vives added music to in 1926. It became so popular and significant for Mallorcan people -especially in the 1960s when Mallorcans and other Catalans were using music as an instrument in their fight against fascism which has persecuted our culture and language- that in 1996 it was recognised as the official anthem of Mallorca.
It talks about a woman referred to as the “balanguera”. The Balanguera is a character from a traditional Mallorcan song who spins and weaves. The name comes from a confusion of the word “bolangera” (“baker”, a figure that appears in different folk dances of Catalonia and the Valencian Country) and “Berenguera” (the name of some dances of the Mallorcan “cossiers” folk dance).
Here are the lyrics in Catalan and the translation of each stanza to English.
La balanguera, misteriosa, com una aranya d'art subtil, buida que buida sa filosa, de nostra vida treu el fil. Com un parca bé cavil·la, teixint la tela per a demà. La balanguera fila, fila… La balanguera filarà.
The mysterious Balanguera, like a spider of subtle art, empties, oh, empties her spinning wheel and pulls off the thread of our lives. Like a Parca she ponders well, weaving the cloth for tomorrow. The Balanguera spins, spins… the Balanguera will spin.
Girant l'ullada cap enrere, guaita les ombres de l'avior, i de la nova primavera sap on s'amaga la llavor. Sap que la soca més s'enfila com més endins pot arrelar. La balanguera fila, fila. La balanguera filarà.
Turning her glance to the past, she guards the shades of ancestry and of the new spring she knows where the seed is hidden. She knows that the vine-stock climbs up higher the deeper its roots can go. The Balanguera spins, spins, the Balanguera will spin.
De tradicions i d'esperances tix la senyera pel jovent, com qui fa un vel de nuviances amb cabelleres d'or i argent. De la infantesa qui s'enfila, de la vellura qui se'n va. La balanguera fila, fila. La balanguera filarà.
From traditions and from hopes she weaves the flag for the youth [note: the word for “flag” used here is the word that refers to the flag of the Catalans] as one who prepares a wedding veil with hairs of gold and silver. Of the childhood that climbs up, of the old age who goes away. The Balanguera spins, spins, the Balanguera will spin.
Today, May 29th, marks 100 years since this beautiful song was played in public for the first time ❤️
Today at 8 pm, there are initiatives to sing this song all at the same time in every town and city of Mallorca.
Molt interessant!!
Una pregunta, a veure si en saps res… La Balanguera apareix a la façana del Palau de la música, però aquest edifici és força anterior a quan es va afegir la múisca al poema d'Alcover.
Tenia la Balanguera alguna relació amb la música, abans de 1926? (A més, l'Amadeu Vivies era un dels fundadors de l'Orfeó Català, cosa que el conecta encara més al Palau…)
Gràcies per tots aquest fets no gens inútils que comparteixes!!
No ho coneixia! Gràcies per compartir-ho!
Aquest mosaic (de l'any 1909, com posa al mosaic mateix) és el lloc del Palau de la Música Catalana on hi apareix la Balanguera.
Mira que he passat molts cops per davant del Palau i mai havia vist aquests mosaics! Com que és a un carrer molt estret, costa veure el que hi ha tan amunt.
Tal com descriu la web del Palau de la Música Catalana:
A la part superior d'aquesta façana, un gran frontó en mosaic de Lluís Bru simbolitza la senyera de l'Orfeó, obra d'Antoni Maria Gallissà, i al centre una reina presidint una festa amb una filosa, en al·lusió a La Balanguera, poema de Joan Alcover i Maspons, amb música del compositor Amadeu Vives, una de les peces més interpretades per l'Orfeó i que des del 1996 és l'himne oficial de Mallorca.
Com has dit @deathbyoctopi, al moment en què es va fer aquest mosaic La Balanguera encara era un poema, no una cançó.
No he pogut trobar gaire informació, però imagino que van agafar aquesta imatge com a símbol catalanista. Tot el Palau sempre va fent referències a la música tradicional catalana i a la música clàssica i moderna internacional, amb la idea que el Palau ha de ser un lloc que ens faci arribar la innovació musical del món a Catalunya però també un lloc on hi tingui igual presència la nostra pròpia música d'arrel tradicional (una qüestió de classe, també, ja que la cançó popular de transmissió oral és la pròpia de la classe treballadora durant segles i el Palau es construeix al barri de Sant Pere, un dels barris més obrers de la Barcelona de l'època). Per això la preciosa escultura d'en Miquel Blay, que representa a tot el poble català (sota la protecció de Sant Jordi) darrere la figura que representa la Cançó: homes i dones de totes les edats, vestits representant diferents oficis (pagesos, pescadors...). Tota la població és qui ha fet la Cançó Popular.
Al mosaic de la Balanguera es veu també molt clara la referència catalanista: representa un concert de l'Orfeó (es veuen els cantants en fila, ben vestits, aguantant la partitura i la Senyera de l'Orfeó, amb el públic davant) amb Montserrat al fons, la senyera al mig... La idea de la Balanguera com a "reina" em fa pensar molt en els Jocs Florals, que els presidia una dona jove que havia estat escollida com a reina.
Suposo que a l'hora de buscar com representar una al·legoria que encaixés en aquesta escena, la Balanguera del poema és la imatge perfecta. La veritat és que és un poema que dibuixa una imatge molt clara i bonica, així que té sentit!
Però em sembla súper curiós que s'inclogués la Balanguera a la façana abans de saber que la versió musicada, que acabaria convertint-se en l'himne que és, s'estrenaria justament allà!
(Les fotos són extretes de la web del Palau de la Música)
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Corpus holiday being celebrated in the city of Badalona, Catalonia.
Many towns and cities in Catalonia and other historically-Catholic countries celebrate Corpus creating flower carpets.
Video by vidabadalona on Instagram.
Like in the other parts of the Catalan countries, Valencians celebrate Corpus Christi with parades of the locals dancing traditional dances and carrying religious statues. But some towns and cities in the Valencian Country have a unique dance: la dansa de la Moma.
The Moma is a figure dressed in white that symbolizes Virtue, and is surrounded by the 7 momos, figures dressed in red and black that represent the 7 Vices. They dance to a very simple song played only with dolçaina (a kind of flute) and tabal (a kind of drum). The dance represents the fight between Virtue and the Sins.
You can watch a video of the dance here.
Photos from Xàtiva, Valencian Country.
