Tolkien's Orcs Were Yellow-Peril Caricatures
When I re-read Lord of the Rings books a couple years ago, one thing that really stuck out to me is the extent to which the orcs are very explicitly described as looking like East Asian people. I don't think I've literally ever seen anyone else mention this in discussions of whether or not Tolkien was racistāpeople will quote one of his letters saying orcs are "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types", but treat this as a surprising revelation, rather than a straightforward description of what's in the text of Lord of the Rings itself. That makes me think they've read the letters more recently than they've read the novel!
With that context, I want to quickly compile the notes I previously took in the Kindle app, just for ease of future reference.
The first taste we get of this is in Bree, when we meet not just Bill Ferny but also his southerner friend who's described as "swarthy" and having "a sallow face with sly, slanting eyes". Frodo comments Ferny's friend "looks more than half like a goblin". (Contrary to what many readers assume, to Tolkien "orc" and "goblin" are synonyms.)
Later, in Moria, we get an orc chieftan with a "broad flat face" that was "swart". Between Moria and Helm's Deep, the phrase "swart, slant-eyed" to describe orcs is repeated verbatim in two different contexts.
After the battle of Helm's Deep, Merry tells Aragorn about watching Saruman's forces leave Isengard: "Most of them were ordinary men... But there were some others that were horrible: man-high, but with goblin faces, sallow, leering, squint-eyed. Do you know, they reminded me at once of that Southerner at Bree; only he was not so obviously orc-like as most of these were."
(To which Aragorn responds, "I thought of him too. We had many of these half-orcs to deal with at Helm's Deep.")
After that, the physical appearance of orcs is not described muchāI suppose Tolkien assumes we know what orcs look like by that pointābut it does come up one more time, during the Scouring of the Shire, when the leader of Lotho's (now Saruman's, really) goons in the Shire is described as "a great squint-eyed brute like a huge orc".