Apr 2, 2020
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/
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https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/
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This Day in Environmental History – On March 18, 1937 at 3:17 pm, a natural gas leak caused a massive explosion at a school in New London, Texas that killed 298 students and teachers with another 300 suffering serious injury. It is stilled considered the deadliest school accident in US history. The leak went undetected due to natural gas being both invisible and odorless. Following the disaster, governments both in the US and around the world began mandating that a chemical called mercaptan be added to natural gas, which would provide for a strong odor (rotten eggs smell) that could be easily detected by humans. A young reporter named Walter Cronkite covered the event that day on one of his first assignments. In 1996, he was quoted as saying, "I did nothing in my studies nor in my life to prepare me for a story of the magnitude of that New London tragedy, nor has any story since that awful day equaled it.”
At the end of 1776 and almost two years of fighting, the American Revolution was struggling. After a series of key defeats to the British, many felt the American Continental Army was incapable of victory and the Revolution was doomed; troop morale was at an all-time low. A 44-year old General George Washington was in desperate need of a victory to restore confidence in the fight. So, on the evening of December 25, 1776, Washington led an unconventional Christmas Day surprise attack on British forces in Trenton, New Jersey. The attack involved the crossing of 2,500 American troops across an ice-jammed Delaware River during a violent nor'easter winter storm. It resulted in a complete victory by the Americans with the capture of much-needed supplies and improvement in troop morale. Although not apparent at the time, the battle was a turning point in the American Revolution, which was ultimately won after seven more years of fighting. The victory itself pulled the failing Revolution out of despair, raised the spirits of the American Colonies, stunned the British and soon convinced France that the American Army was a capable force worth supporting.
The image on the front of this card is of the famous Washington Crossing the Delaware painting by German artist Emanuel Leutze. Painted in Dusseldorf Germany in 1851, Leutze hoped that this iconic event of American independence would inspire his fellow countrymen struggling with reforms and independence movements in Europe. Ironically, the original painting was later destroyed by a British bombing raid during World War II. Today, the replica is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
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On this Day in Environmental History – On December 3, 1984, a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India accidentally released about 30 tons of methy isocyanide gas into the air of the surrounding residential areas. The accident was caused by a plant malfunction resulting in what was called a runaway chemical reaction. Within 45 minutes, approximately 4,000 people died with another 4,000 dying in the following two weeks, however, the death toll has been widely disputed. Much debate has surrounded the cause of the accident, specifically whether the accident was caused by poor maintenance or sabotage. Long-term health effects have been difficult to quantify due to incomplete records and victim tracking with estimates ranging from 120,000 to 700,000 survivors still struggling with serious medical issues.
This Day in Environmental History – On October 9, 1975 Andrei Sakharov, known as the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, became the first Soviet citizen to win the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end nuclear testing and weapon proliferation. In his essay, titled "Peace, Progress, Human Rights", Sakharov called, “for an end to the arms race, greater respect for the environment, international cooperation, and universal respect for human rights”. The Soviet government denied him permission to go to Norway to receive his award.
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This Day in Environmental History – On July 10, 1976, a runaway chemical reaction resulted in an accidental release to the air of a highly toxic chemical called 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, commonly referred to as dioxin, at a Hoffmann-La Roche chemical plant near the town of Seveso in northern Italy. Over 3,000 small farm animals died immediately, and over 400 people suffered chloracne skin lesions from contact with the contaminated air. Continuous medical monitoring of the Seveso residents after the accident has demonstrated increased occurrences of lymphatic and breast cancer. Since dioxin is a known teratogen (causes birth defects), 26 pregnant women that had been exposed to the dioxin, agreed to undergo an abortion. At that time abortion was a punishable crime in Italy, however, the Italian government granted a special exemption to these Seveso women.
This Day in Environmental History – On April 5, 1916, a group of civic leaders testified before Congress in favor of the establishment of a National Park Service in the United States. The congressional debate over the management of the growing system of national parks resulted in the passage, in August 1916, of the National Park Service Act. This legislation created the National Park Service within the Department of the Interior. When it was first established, the National Park Service consisted of 40 parks and monuments. It now includes 419 parks covering more than 85 million acres. As President Woodrow Wilson signed the act his hope was the legislation would:
“…conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”
This Day in Environmental History – On March 4, 1918, the Flu Pandemic of 1918 (“Spanish Flu”) began in the US at Ft. Riley Kansas among World War I troops who had just returned from France. It infected over 500 million people around the world resulting in estimated deaths ranging from 50 to 100 million (or about 3-5% of the world's population), still ranking it among one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.
To maintain morale during World War I, newspapers in Germany, France, England, and the US censored the early report of the flu’s serious effects. However, newspapers in neutral Spain were free to report the flu's effects specifically the illness of King Alfonso XIII. This created the false impression of Spain as the origin of the flu, thus giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish Flu".