In order to increase the profit from sugar production, English planters learned from the Portuguese to take certain sugar by-products-- skimmings and molasses-- and leave them to ferment. After distilling, these by-products became âa hott hellish and terrible liquorâ now known as rumââ.
(Sugar Boiling House, Havana, Cuba 1851)
Barbados consumed North Englandâs surplus food and livestock while New England brought back tropical products like sugar, rum and molassesââ. By 1700, the total monetary value of sugar reaching England and Wales was double that of tobaccoââ. This was the famous triangle trade: finished goods were sold from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and tropical commodities (especially sugar) to Europeââ. After 1660, Englandâs sugar imports always exceeded its combined imports of all other colonial produce, paralleled by the steady expansion of plantation production, followed by more plantations in old and new colonies.
Prior to the emergence of the mass sugar market, sugar served as a medicine, spice and decorative display. After 1750, âthe poorest English farm labourerâs wife took sugar in her teaâââ
. By 1675, 400 English vessels with average 150 ton cargoes carried sugar to Englandââ. Having cavity-blackened teeth became a power symbol in Englandââ. Britainâs openness to transcontinental trade provided them with tropical products from the Caribbean as well as economic security and colonial alliesââ.
And even today, a favorite West Indies product in America: