#trachealmite

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal Read the full article

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal

Dee Lusby: "Since the size of the bee is regulated by the size of the cell and the size of the cell regulates the size of the thorax of the workerbee, we also gain control of trachael mites by reducing the opening of the first thoracic spiracle where the mites gain inner entry into the lungs of our bees. By reducing the reproduction of varroa (both types verified by the USDATucson Lab as being in our area) and trachael mites, both known in our area in our bees, we then cause a reduction in secondary diseases, by reduction of open wounds caused by mites chewing upon the exoskelton of our bees and penetrating to drink blood, then vectoring in viral, bacteria, and fungal infections." Another thing is the problem of the tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi.When I arrived 25 years ago here on the island of La Palma, nearly all the bees perished due to the trachea. Then the beekeepers applied menthol and it went upwards again - until the varroa arrived.In the bees that hatch of 4.9 mm cells, the foremost part of trachea, or the frontal trachea opening, by which these mites can get into the inside of the bees, is so small that the mites no longer fit through - QED.Dee Lusbys bees had this problem in the beginning and it disappeared drastically once the cell size was reduced.

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal

Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) An organic solution to mites and diseases - What is VSH - Selection for VSH - VSH Breeders ForumUSDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab VSH versus Varroa VSH performance tests VSH in Wikipedia VSH Bibliography New definition of VSH by John Harbo: Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene . Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics - Africanized Honeybees: Genetics - Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination - Bee Genetics and Breeding - Closed Population Bee Breeding - Honeybee Genomics - Tracheal Mite Resistance - Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time - Varroa Resistance: General - Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior - Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs HG Hall - Genetics, 1990Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175Top of pageArtificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page​_Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures AM Collins - Journal of Economic EntomologySperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IllinoisLaidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. WashingtonMoritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal