"The advanced paramammals, the theraspids, evolved some 50 million years after the early flesh eaters. Giant lumbering plant eaters such as Moschops were forerunners of dicynodonts such as Lystrosaurus and Dinodontosaurus. Fierce flesh eaters such as Titanosuchus were ancestors of both the cynodonts (Thrinaxodon and Cynognathus) and the bauriamorphs (Bauria). Furry, warm-blooded flesh eaters, these were only a step away from being mammals. Morganucodon, the first true mammal, evolved around 200 million years ago."

"In the foreground, the primitive dinocephalian, Titanophoneus carries a small anomodont, Venjukovia, in its mouth. In the distant clearing, a group of herbivorous dinocephalians, Ulemosaurus, cautiously watch the predator prance by as they remain basking in the sun. These theraspids are known from Zone Two of Russia. In the foreground are branches of the tree-like horsetail, Calamites. The approximate length of Titanophoneus is 2 m (6 1/2 ft), Venjukovia 1 m (3 ft), and Ulemosaurus 3 m (10 ft)."