#stoicism

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus: the last of the Five Good Emperors, the great Philosopher-King. At least, that is how his legacy is remembered 2000 years on. Behind the peace and stability of his rule lies a reign defined as much by catastrophe and loss as by wisdom. Marcus Aurelius’ early rule coincided with one of the most devastating crises of the Roman world: the Antonine Plague

The plague entered the Roman Empire around 165AD, it spread rapidly along trade routes and through densely populated cities within the Roman world. Contemporary accounts, like the physician Galen describes high fevers, skin eruptions, and death on a previously unfathonable scale. Millions within the Roman borders died, with some regions losing a quarter of their population. The pandemic weakened the empire’s economy, depleted its manpower, and undermined it's military at a time when Rome faced increasing pressure along its frontiers.

It was in this environment of disease, war, and uncertainty that Marcus Aurelius ruled. The Pax Romana was not the image of stability and tranquility we often like to believe. Instead it was a peace maintained through constant warfare and personal sacrifice. Marcus spent most of his reign with the legions campaigning along the Danube borderlands. In this environment of war and plague, we received the most intimate window into Marcus Aurelius’ inner life. Here, he penned his private journals, later compiled as "The Meditations". These fragmented, repetitive, and intensely personal notes written to himself for himself were never intended for any eyes other than his own. In them, we glimpse the private thoughts of the most powerful man of the second century as he struggled to reconcile the philosophy of his youth with the relentless realities of the world.

Understanding the context of Marcus Aurelius' life as the first great pandemic of the Roman era is crucial in understanding the full depth of his writings. He and his wife, Faustina, had at least 13 children, yet only one son, the infamous Commodus, survived to adulthood. Us later generations often ask how Marcus Aurelius, after a lifetime of disciplined and principled rule, could leave the empire to a successor so ill-suited to the task. The answer may be more plainly understood than we wish to see. In The Meditations, we hear the voice of a man acutely aware of impermanence, duty, and the limits of his own power. A voice of a father who has outlived most of his children.

What we find amongst the inner monologue of Marcus Aurelia are measured, thoughtful, and often sobering reminders on how to live well: to act according to nature, to remain humble, and to accept death. Yet the circumstances under which these maxims were written should never be forgotten. When Marcus addresses “you” in the Meditations, he is addressing himself. These are not commands given to students, but reminders to himself to buttress against his most critical and personal weaknesses: exhaustion, grief, and doubt.

Marcus Aurelius was human, and more sentimental than he wished to be. He knew death, loss, and sorrow not as abstractions, but as daily companions. By the end of his life, worn down by illness and years of campaigning, he returned to nature as he had long counseled, expressing the quiet hope that even his name would one day fade. And yet, nearly two thousand years later, his private reminders endure. Written amid pandemic, war, and personal tragedy, Marcus Aurelius’ words are an unintended inheritance to us—one that, that if listened to with the same level of humility and acceptance of one’s own weaknesses, as Marcus did, can still yet offer wisdom.