Ethics: Freewill & Determinism: Soft Determinism
This view says that we have freedom, but we're also restricted by past experiences, or other influences. Some of our actions are determined, but we are morally responsible for our actions. The approach is also known as compatibilism.
Whether an act is free depends on how it is caused. It's free if it's caused by your own desires, and it is caused if it is forced, coerced, or compelled.
James Rachels- "whether your behaviour is free depends on how it is caused. Your act is free if it is caused by your own desires rather than being caused by a mental disease or someone forcing you."
Hume was a soft determinist. He has his own post here.
Kant said that we're influenced by things like our background, but we're not wholly determined by them. Applying reason to our decisions means we can transcend our determined past. The mind exercising freedom makes us free.
The physical world is phenomenal- all is determined because that is the way we see if and the only way our mind can understand it [noumenal is a world of ideas- things as they are in themselves]. Kant said we're phenomenally determined but noumenally free. We may look at the external world and see it as determined, but we experience our own freedom.
We work from 2 different, seemingly incompatible standpoints- theoretical [pure reason] and practical [practical reason]. Freedom is a postulate of practical reason. Our own self awareness forces on us the idea that we're free.
We can, however, only make a moral choice if we are free to do so.
This approach allows people to be responsible, but also allows us to acknowledge hindrances like mental illness and so on.It doesn't place too much emphasis on past influences, either.
Objections to Soft Determinism
- Hard determinists & libertarians would argue that they are not compatible, you cannot be both free and determined, it's either one or the other.