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Myelin evolutionary advance
Myelin is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses are passed along the axon. Each axon comprises multiple long myelinated sections separated from each other by short gaps called “nodes of Ranvier”.
The main purpose of myelin is to increase the speedat which electrical impulses propagate along the myelinated…
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The complexity Saltatory Conduction
After doing an assignment on this I feel a little bit astounded that something so small can effect big mammals like us! most of you are pretty aware of the structure and function of a neuron ( hopefully) so ill leave that for another post. Saltare is Latin for jump, so with that in mind think of the action potential moving down the axon and it comes to a node of ranvier (NoR) so think of NoR's as ditches made by myelin., its the only un-insulated part of the axon, only there can the action potential depolarize to threshold and generate a new action potential.Thus, conduction along myelinated axons appears to jump from node to node. The amazing thing about saltatory conduction is it uses way less energy ( than a neuron without a meylin) and it covers greater distance with a faster conduction! really useful for sending important messages to and from your brain haha Because its so important for function ( motor, sensory ect) things go bad if its components don't work properly like to thin of a axon or meylin sheath or the nodes a to far apart. the most common issue with saltatory conduction not working is something called neuropathy such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome which is a truly horrible condition and can really impact on a persons quality of life. I feel with further medical research there is hope that we can perhaps "repair" parts on the neuron, its something I think I'd like to be a part of :)
I JUST THOUGHT OF THE BEST WAY TO EXPLAIN SALTATORY CONDUCTION.
okay bear with me here i'm studying for my first big psychobiology test.
some people in my class were wondering why saltatory conduction in neurons is faster than normal conduction.
neurons work by sending electrical signals down the length of the axon (the long skinny part that looks like a piece of spaghetti) by allowing sodium ions to enter it.
in order for this to work, there has to be a lot of little holes in the membrane that are willing to let sodium in, and they open one at a time as the electrical charge of the part of neuron next to it becomes positive.
so imagine that the axon is like a busy street with lots of other streets intersecting, allowing cars to turn wherever they need to go.
however, most of our axons are wrapped in this stuff called myelin, with tiny gaps in between each section called nodes of Ranvier. on myelinated axons, sodium ion channels only appear at the little nodes. the conduction of electrical signals between the nodes is called saltatory conduction.
so a myelinated axon is like a freeway, a busy interstate with specific entrances and exits.
think about how much faster a freeway is than a busy surface street (well, unless it's rush hour, but we aren't counting the 405 in this little experiment). people are going at like 65 mph because they don't have to stop at a stoplight and wait for people to turn. that's why a myelinated axon is so much faster at sending signals with saltatory conduction than unmyelinated axons can with regular conduction. and also why multiple sclerosis is such a dehabilitating and unpredictable disorder: the myelin is eaten away by autoimmune antibodies, which makes the axon look a lot more like the 91 than it should. but that now unprotected neuron could be in charge of any number of responsibilities, which is how symptoms differ so widely.
thank you for this little talk, i hope you learned something new about your nervous system today.
