Conceptualization of Communication with Ancestors in ancient Shang Religion through the Ritualization of Offerings
Though the communication with Shang Di and ancestral spirits may have been perceived as transactional and often associated with fear of divine retribution, it is undeniable that Shang religion conceptualized and prioritized a strong bond with Shang Di and past ancestors. Within Shang cosmology, rulers and royals made offerings for Shang Di and ancestral spirits not only to ensure fortune and avoid misfortune, but also sought for their guidance and support in face of hardships and uncertainty. Whether they sought guidance about the prediction of rain, or to attain knowledge about natural disasters, or seek support in face of war, the bond with Shang Di and ancestral spirits was important and deeply ingrained into the religious life and landscape of the Shang Dynasty.














