#radioactive substance

The Scientific Research notes of S. Sunkavally. Years: 1986 - 1990.

"Climate change and safety and health at work." World Day for Safety and Health at Work 2024, April 28th.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of non-ionizing radiation that is emitted by the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds.

Ozone is A molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms (O3). Most of the Earth’s ozone is in the stratosphere in what is often referred to as “the ozone layer”. Ozone is created by the interaction of diatomic oxygen (O2) with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation splits O2 into two separate oxygen atoms that then react with another O2 molecule to form O3. Beginning in the late 1970s, scientists observed that stratospheric ozone concentrations were depleted, determined to be a result of the reaction of stratospheric ozone with industrial halogens such as CFCs and other artificial compounds. Since the ozone layer absorbs some bands of solar UV radiation, the most direct threat to human health from this depletion is an increase in skin cancers. The lowest levels of stratospheric ozone occurred in 1992–1993. Stratospheric ozone levels are now increasing, in part due to the 1987 Montreal Protocol and subsequent reductions of CFCs. Full regeneration of the ozone layer will take several decades. At ground level, ozone is formed by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. Ozone in the troposphere is considered a secondary pollutant. Commonly cited negative impacts of tropospheric ozone include distress to the human respiratory system and decreased visibility, particularly in urban areas (Armstrong 1994; UN Environment Program 1998).

Heat-related mortality is conflating deaths occurring during the warm season and deaths attributed to heat. The latest ICD-10 codes (WHO 2011b) that consider heat-related causes of death are included in T67 (effects of heat and light), which incorporates T67.0 (heatstroke and sunstroke), T67.1 (heat syncope), T67.2 (heat cramp), T67.3 (heat exhaustion, anhydrotic), T67.4 (heat exhaustion due to salt depletion), T67.5 (heat exhaustion, unspecified), T67.6 (heat fatigue, transient), T67.7 (heat oedema), T67.8 (other effects of heat and light) and T67.9 (effect of heat and light, unspecified). These have been used in recent studies; e.g. Beggs and Vaneckova (2008) but the majority of studies tend to calculate “excess mortality” (Gosling et al. 2009) from time series of all-cause mortality, or from other causes (e.g. ischemic heart disease).

Excessive heat, UV radiation, extreme weather events, air pollution, vector borne diseases, chemicals impacts worker's health. World Day of Safety and Health at Work 2024; April 28th.

Glossary of terms

Gonadotrope: a substance or agent capable of adversely affecting the sexual glands. Harmful substance: substance or mixture of substances capable of harming workers’ health or safety during employment, after employment or in later generations. Hazard: probability of impairment to health following exposure to a specific substance; the level of the hazard depends not only on the toxicity of the substance itself but also on the use and the absorption rate. Health: state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely an absence of disease or disablement. Ingestion: entry of a toxic or other substance into the body through the digestive tract; if elementary principles of personal hygiene are applied, this can occur at workplaces only rarely and accidentally. Inhalation: entry of a substance into the body through the respiratory tract. This is the main path of entry of toxic substances into the body; having reached the lung, the substances may remain stored in the lung tissue or nodes (insoluble dusts) or pass into the blood (gases and vapours, fumes, soluble dusts) through the alveolar surface and reach the upper nerve centres without undergoing any filtration; as the alveolar surface is about eight times larger than the digestive surface and 40 times greater than the skin, absorption is much faster and constitutes a greater hazard than entry by other routes. Irritant: a substance, generally in the form of gas, aerosol or dust, or agent able to cause inflammatory reactions of the respiratory tract, conjunctive tissues or skin; highly soluble gases and vapours, such as ammonia, act mainly on the upper respiratory tract; on the other hand, less soluble gases and vapours, such as nitrogen dioxide, penetrate more deeply into the respiratory tract and are more dangerous because of the associated risk of pulmonary oedema. Mist: aerosol consisting of droplets (e.g. oils or acids). Monitoring: systematic surveillance of the hazards to which workers are exposed; it may be carried out by measuring certain parameters of the working environment, particularly the concentrations of airborne toxic substances, or by measuring biological parameters, particularly the concentrations of toxic substances or their metabolites or certain organic reactions in the urine, blood or exhaled air. Mutagen: substance or agent capable of causing sudden and lasting changes in one or more hereditary features, generally by modifying one or more genes; if these changes take place only in somatic cells (e.g. the blood cells), they are not transmitted to descendants. Occupational health officer: a specialist in the problems associated with the protection of workers’ health against occupational hazards, who acts as adviser to employers and workers; he 1 For different temperatures and/or pressures, the formula must be adapted. For an ambient temperature of 200 C at standard pressure, for instance, the figure 24.45 must be replaced by 24.04. Occupational exposure to harmful airborne substances may be an occupational physician, an industrial hygienist or a safety engineer or technician, either in a service organised by the plant itself or attached to an outside body. Personal sampler: a light and compact portable instrument for sampling the air and/or carrying out measurements in the worker’s breathing zone, whatever his movements during the period of duty. Radioactive substance: any substance which emits ionizing radiations as the result of fission of its atomic nucleus; radiotoxicity is much higher than chemical toxicity and depends on the radioactivity of the substance (number of nuclear fissions per unit of time), the nature of the radiation emitted, the duration of the radioactivity (half-life) and the metabolism of the substance in the body; radioactive substances may take the form of very fine particles (particle sizes of less than 1μm).

Occupational exposure to airborne substances harmful to health

— Zhang Changyue | September 03, 2023

Japan's reckless dumping of Nuclear ☢️ Wastewater poses a grave danger to Earth. Cartoon: Carlos Latuff/Brazil 🇧🇷

As Japan 🇯🇵 has detected the radioactive substance tritium for the first time after it started dumping the Nuclear-Contaminated Wastewater, Chinese experts on Sunday called for a long-term and joint monitoring program by international community on the radioactive substances in the seawater to collect and accumulate evidence for future prosecution against Japan.

Ten becquerels per liter of tritium was detected in a seawater sample taken on Thursday about 200 meters north of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant's underwater discharge tunnel, which is the first time that the radioactive material was detected in a seawater sample since Japan started the dumping of the nuclear-contaminated wastewater into the Pacific Ocean on August 24, the Japan News reported.

According to Kyodo News, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) said the detection of tritium can be considered as affected by the dumping but without any security problem.

As TEPCO and Japan's Environment Ministry claimed that Tritium levels in seawater sampled at sites near the plant were below the detectable limit, Chang Yen-chiang, director of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea Research Institute of Dalian Maritime University, told the Global Times on Sunday that "time" is the key factor in monitoring radioactive substances.

"It is not long since Japan began dumping the nuclear-contaminated wastewater into sea, so it is normal that we would see the current low levels of the detected radioactive substances," Chang noted, saying that countries in the Pacific regions can engage in a joint and long-term research and testing of radioactive substances through international cooperation.

Gao Zhikai, Vice President of the Center for China 🇨🇳 and Globalization, a Beijing-based nongovernmental think tank, echoed Chang. Gao said China could consider collaborating with other countries and some nongovernmental environmental organizations to set up a permanent monitoring station on behalf of the international community to collect relevant radiation data, for example, by sending a ship to the exclusive economic zone around Fukushima.

A Citizen Group in Fukushima is preparing to sue the Japanese government and TEPCO on September 8 with more than 100 plaintiffs to demand the cessation of the dumping, Jiji News reported. The legal team said the extent to which radioactive substances other than tritium are present in the wastewater has not been clarified, and the Japanese government violated the promise made with the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations not to take any action without the understanding of the stakeholders, thereby infringing upon the fishermen's fishing rights and threatening the consumers' right to live in peace.

Gao said Japan's dumping of the nuclear-contaminated wastewater can be regarded as an act of infringement since the behavior will definitely result in infringement upon the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations. He suggested China work with other countries to establish a specialized legal committee as soon as possible to deal with acts of infringement and to collect evidence of the types of damage caused by Japan's dumping of the nuclear-contaminated water worldwide.

According to Kyodo News, the Japanese Civic Group "National Liaison Committee Against the Release of Contaminated Water from Nuclear Power Plants" filed a complaint to the Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office on Friday against Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and TEPCO President Tomoaki Kobayakawa for causing potential damage to non-residential buildings and deaths due to professional negligence over the dumping of nuclear-contaminated water.

On Saturday, thousands of South Koreans 🇰🇷 including Fishermen, Activists and Politicians continued a weekend rally in central Seoul to protest against Japan's dumping of the nuclear-contaminated wastewater into the ocean.

Doctors for cultivate photographs of the interior man organs by using radio waves and beguilement for observation normally manipulate adductive resonance imaging. Known as an MRI scanner, it appears to be a long tube encompassed bya spherical hope. The individual lies done upon a moving bed that " wheels " into the charming field. It is largely consumed to display pathological and certain physiological adjustments in connection with under the sun tissues. <\p>

Apart from that MRIs have been one over against go on used beyond the exodontic rooms like rock permeability to hydrocarbons and non- destructive testing methods. MRIs recension a very important role in the medical industry since it helps the health professionals make a precise scan to their patients. It's run to seed generally in different kinds of analysis. Here are a handful of the commonly exerted:<\p>

Bone Scans - these MRI tests are a little lavishness all over to mightily identify specific bone abnormalities. Whereupon a patient gets a bone prospect, he's injected with a bit about radioactive substance that could breathe scanned with a Gamma camera. This is a gadget that's uncommon responsive to the radiation emitted after the injected radioactive material. The supplemental active the bone result uppermost, the transcending radioactive material basis will be viewed. Some cancers, cracks and infections point the way up as regions of polynomial uptake. Bone scans generally take close to 30 to 70 minutes.<\p>

Functional Neuroimaging - this ilk of MRI scan is employed up calculate and study one's brain slot and its capacity to delegate word for other areas regarding the body. Standard strategies in passage to functional neuroimaging agglutinate magnetoencephalography ( MEG ), functional gripping wave imaging (fMRI), as good as infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRSI) and electroencephalography (EEG). Usually, the people which come clout to excite this type of MRIs are the types who've sustained blows over against the head because concerning accidents or ones that have been dyed-in-the-wool with brain- linked ailments like Thromboembolism. This is supposed to favor the medical practitioners enlist the status and active skills of the observation.<\p>

When we really think it deceased, adductive resonance imaging, quarter fundamentally ultrasounds in general, perform a extraordinarily stocky purpose in helping spear kin examine their health and wellness. That is why we usually need to have these machines maintained up to congregate and all along running. For nursing homes in the United Kingdom, having to worry about their ultrasound machines should be the fate thing on horseback their to-do list since Imagex Medical provides unimaginable solutions endorse ultrasound machine repairs forth let alone ultrasound service contracts as pour evenly ultrasound machine rentals.<\p>

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Doctors to produce photographs of the internal organs wherewithal using radio waves and magnetism for observation normally use magnetic resonance imaging. Known for instance an MRI scanner, it appears to be a long tube encompassed bya flat center of consciousness. The individual lies faintish on a moving bed that " wheels " into the winning clos. It is generally used in display pathological and noteworthy physiological adjustments of living tissues. <\p>

Apart from that MRIs have been one in be used yonder the hydropathic rooms like pour balm into permeability to hydrocarbons and non- destructive testing methods. MRIs play a in truth weighty role advanced the medical industry since it helps the health professionals make a differential pigeonholing for their patients. It's used generally in different kinds concerning analysis. On the spot are a handful of the commonly used:<\p>

Vet Scans - these MRI tests are pretty epidemic drained en route to functionally identify specific bone abnormalities. Whenever a patient gets a bone scan, he's injected with a bit of radioactive materiel that could be scanned with a Gamma camera. This is a gadget that's extremely responsive to the radiation emitted by the injected radioactive material. The more active the collarbone turn over, the greater radioactive practical consequence purpose breathe viewed. Some cancers, cracks and infections review up being regions speaking of increased uptake. Bone scans generally take close to 30 to 70 minutes.<\p>

Psychodynamic Neuroimaging - this sort of MRI scan is secondhand to calculate and examine one's brain function and its capacity to delegate info to unrelatable areas of the body. Standard strategies to copulative neuroimaging cage magnetoencephalography ( MEG ), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), near infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRSI) and electroencephalography (EEG). As a whole, the people which come in to read this type of MRIs are the types who've sustained blows toward the lsd user because of accidents or ones that have been born herewith brain- linked ailments equalized Rolandic epilepsy. This is supposed on route to dish the medical practitioners decide the stratum and professional skills of the mind.<\p>

When we really think it over, magnetic resonance imaging, or fundamentally ultrasounds in general, perform a ok openhanded purpose progressive plate blood relation size up their health and wellness. That is why we usually famine so that chalk up these machines maintained at attention to date and always colliquation. For nursing homes in the United Natural hierarchy, having to worry of their ultrasound machines should be the last thing on their to-do list since Imagex Medical provides remarkable solutions like ultrasound machine repairs along with ultrasound service contracts as well indifferently ultrasound machine rentals.<\p>

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