#quantumprocessingunits

TII Quantum

As the UAE becomes a global hub for sophisticated technology, the Technology Innovation Institute (TII) released its first cloud-based quantum computing service. This milestone allows outside partners unprecedented access to superconducting Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) constructed in Abu Dhabi's center.

According to TII, the Advanced Technology Research Council's (ATRC) applied research arm, the Quantum Research Center has moved from researching basic technology to providing physical quantum infrastructure. By letting customers run quantum workloads on the cloud, TII is ushering in a new era of regional and worldwide quantum cooperation.

Journey to Hardware Sovereignty Over Four Years

Four years of intense development ended with the cloud service's launch. Since launching the Quantum Computing Hardware Lab, the team has gone from building institutional capabilities to creating cloud-accessible, fully integrated solutions.

QPU systems with 5–25 qubits underpin this offering. Most notably, these systems use local chips. TII specialists say these in-house components have quantum coherence durations ten times longer than the lab's first-generation prototypes. Instead of using off-the-shelf components, TII's aim to create knowledge across the quantum stack—design, fabrication, and system-level integration—led to this performance gain.

Bridge Hardware and Software with Qibo

To simplify use for partners, TII coupled the hardware with its open-source software platform, Qibo. Qibo, developed by the Quantum Middleware team and the hardware lab, is essential for task submission and complex workflows.

The Qibo allows researchers to:

Build complicated quantum circuits.

Create hybrid quantum-classical workflows, the best way to gain near-term quantum advantage.

A unified interface lets you run jobs on simulators and hardware QPU backends.

TII provides its partners with the smoothest transition from theoretical algorithm development to hardware implementation by standardizing on Qibo.

Ambition and Pace in Leadership

The unveiling was lauded by TII leadership as proof of UAE technological progress. TII Quantum Research Centre Chief Researcher Dr. Leandro Aolita stressed the strategic importance of this change.

Four years after the lab opened, Dr. Aolita stated, “launching a cloud-accessible QPU service shows both the pace and ambition of a quantum program.” He said the new model provides a “practical platform to accelerate experimentation and hybrid quantum-classical development on locally developed infrastructure,” which was previously only available to TII's Quantum Algorithms team for validation and benchmarking.

Global Quantum Context: Industry Busy February The global quantum ecosystem is active during TII's cloud service debut. The TII announcement and other major events showed a rapid pace.

Commercializing quantum technology:

Corporate Restructuring: Xanadu appointed four experienced international business executives to its Board of Directors, indicating a move toward more sophisticated corporate governance.

Public Markets: By combining with Real Asset Acquisition Corp., IQM Quantum Computers might go public and raise funds for hardware expansion.

National Investment: The Australian government promised more funding for quantum technology demonstration projects to bridge the gap between lab research and commercial application.

Quantum Security: Ameritec IPS introduced a biometric wallet and quantum-resistant QAmChain to meet post-quantum cryptography need. Quantonation created a €220 million fund to invest in mistake correction and quantum infrastructure.

TII's cloud transfer is part of a global competition to provide reliable, easily accessible quantum computing resources, not an isolated incident.

Considering the Future

A long-term plan begins with this launch. The service will increase, with TII plans to launch:

Upgraded qubits and system performance. Frequent system and hardware updates to meet international requirements.

Partners can gain access as the Abu Dhabi quantum ecosystem grows.

TII is becoming a quantum research powerhouse by providing cloud-based hardware access. The institute's focus on domestically produced systems, from chip fabrication to middleware operation, gives the UAE strong technological sovereignty in an area that is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone for future economic success and national security.

National Quantum Computing Hackathon

February 6–8, 2026 is Pakistan's first National Quantum Computing Hackathon. This matters for local science. The three-day event at the National Centre for Physics (NCP) in Islamabad marked a turning point in Pakistan's efforts to integrate cutting-edge technologies into growth.

Cooperative Science Project

Collaboration amongst Pakistan's premier scientific institutes sparked the hackathon. PAEC members PIEAS and NILOP are building it. Event location and partner the National Center for Physics (NCP) assists with technical and organizational matters.

Support from outside distinguishes the effort from domestic cooperation. Both CERN and OQI support the hackathon. UN-backed science diplomacy links emerging technologies to global development needs through these partnerships.

Competitive Selection and Technical Access

Over 950 applications from Pakistan's academic and scientific communities have been received for the event. This increase in interest shows the country's youth's growing interest and proficiency in quantum technologies.

The competition was limited to 42 candidates after a thorough vetting procedure. These finalists are divided into seven specialized teams to solve difficult real-world issues using quantum technology.

This hackathon's technological immersion is unique. This event gives guests hands-on experience with quantum processing units, unlike theoretical lectures. For further help, national and foreign experts will coach the teams to ensure their proposals meet global research standards.

Global Problem-Solving using Quantum Innovation

A hackathon tries to merge quantum innovation with UN SDGs. Teams must address healthcare, renewable energy, and climate change, say organizers. Quantum algorithms will be used to show how advanced computers can solve problems beyond standard binary systems.

An international jury of US, Swiss, and Pakistani experts will evaluate the efforts. Variable panels provide globally competitive evaluations. Tournament winners receive awards such as:

Cash prizes and CERN certifications. Technical guidance and top-tier project acknowledgment.

Requests to present research at the prestigious International Nathiagalli Summer College.

Strengthening National Research Ecosystem Many expect the hackathon to boost Pakistan's quantum research. Early-career researchers, students, and innovators in Computer Science, AI, and Physics establish a quantum-literate community at the event.

Top leadership's expected attendance reflects the event's institutional weight. High-level officials from the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Foreign Affairs, IT, and Telecommunications ministries, and province governments will attend the inauguration activities. This level of state involvement shows Pakistan's commitment to global quantum competitiveness.

Step Toward a National Quantum Centre

This hackathon is a forerunner to longer-term goals. Sources report plans to create a National Centre for Quantum Computing with overseas partners. An institution like this would strengthen the country's frontier technology industry and foster innovation.

IonQ Partnerships with SkyWater Technology

IonQ bought SkyWater Technology for $1.8 billion to develop the first vertically integrated quantum powerhouse.

IonQ has agreed to buy SkyWater Technology for $1.8 billion, transforming the worldwide advanced computing market. The first vertically integrated, full-stack quantum platform firm is formed by combining IonQ's leading quantum architecture and SkyWater's significant domestic semiconductor production capabilities.

The Agreement's details

The agreement indicates that IonQ will buy SkyWater for $35.00 per share in cash and shares. SkyWater shareholders will get $15.00 in cash and $20.00 in IonQ common stock per share, a 38.0% premium over the 30-day volume-weighted average price as of January 23, 2026.

The arrangement protects shareholders from stock price swings with a complicated collar mechanism. SkyWater investors will own 4.4% to 6.7% of the amalgamated company in the second or third quarter of 2026, depending on shareholder and regulatory approvals.

Quantum Roadmap Acceleration

IonQ's rapid technological milestone acceleration drove this acquisition. IonQ expects embedded access to a dependable U.S. foundry to reduce wafer iteration and accelerate prototype development. This efficiency delays functional testing of its 200,000-qubit Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) until 2028.

These next-generation processors need 8,000 ultra-high-fidelity logical qubits for fault-tolerant quantum computing. The integration may also speed up the building of a 2,000,000-qubit processor by a year.

Niccolo de Masi, Chairman and CEO of IonQ, said this transformational purchase accelerates its quantum computing future and secures its completely scalable supply chain domestically.

A Reliable National Security Partner

The deal strengthens IonQ's position as the US government and allies' top quantum partner. SkyWater's DMEA Category 1A Trusted Accreditation makes it invaluable for the Department of War and national security activities.

The united business will manage the U.S. supply chain from design and prototype to production, packaging, and long-term service enhancements. This secure infrastructure supports the Microelectronics Commons network and addresses state technical sovereignty limitations.

Continuous Operations and “Merchant Supplier” Status

SkyWater will remain a fully owned subsidiary under its own brand in Bloomington, Minnesota, after the transaction. CEO Thomas Sonderman will continue to lead SkyWater and report to de Masi.

SkyWater will remain a “pure-play” semiconductor foundry and merchant supplier, vital to the semiconductor industry. It will maintain delivering its customers cutting-edge technology and innovative services in AI, electrification, the IoT, and health diagnostics. Sonderman promised partners that SkyWater is “fully committed to all of our semiconductor foundry customers” and that cooperating with IonQ will accelerate next-generation quantum processor development.

Growing the Quantum Ecosystem

United Business will offer quantum networking, security, and sensing technologies beyond conventional computers. SkyWater proposes to build Regional Quantum Production Hubs in Minnesota, Florida, and Texas to supply land, sea, air, and space applications.

This collaboration should lead to innovations in many commercial sectors:

Pharmaceuticals: High-fidelity simulations accelerate drug discovery. Finance: Better risk assessment and complex financial modeling. Safe, impenetrable quantum interconnects and sensors for aerospace and military. IONQ Patent IP Portfolio is also available.

Financial Outlook and Market Position

IonQ is strong in this trade. The business achieved a world record 99.99% two-qubit gate fidelity in 2025. IonQ expects 2025 revenue to exceed its $106 million to $110 million estimate.

With over 1,300 employees in the US, Europe, and Asia, IonQ is leading the “quantum era” revolution. By maintaining a strong bank sheet, the acquisition allows aggressive commercialization of quantum technologies like the planned IonQ Tempo.

NVIDIA's cuQuantum SDK v25.11 Improves Error Correction and Large-Scale Quantum Simulation

The latest version of the cuQuantum SDK, v25.11, from NVIDIA accelerates GPU-based quantum computing simulations with high-performance libraries. This patch adds components for Pauli propagation and stabiliser simulations, which are needed to simulate huge quantum computers, quantum error correction, and AI training data. The study found that the cuQuantum cuPauliProp software can efficiently predict experimental quantities like expectation values that are too intricate for classical simulation.

The cuQuantum cuStabilizer library increases frame simulation throughput and sampling rates, which are essential for assessing quantum error correcting codes.

New high-performance libraries cuPauliProp and cuStabilizer accelerate large-scale quantum computer modelling. CuQuantum SDK 25.11 is now available from NVIDIA. Simulating and validating large-scale quantum systems may require these novel elements.

Challenge of Validation

As quantum processing units (QPUs) improve and devices scale beyond what is usually simulable, validating results is essential to ensuring output reliability. The new libraries in cuQuantum SDK v25.11 cover two key workload classes for algorithm engineering, verification, and validation for intermediate to large-scale quantum devices.

Simulating Intractable Observables with CuPauliProp Pauli propagation is a unique method for replicating large-scale quantum circuit observables, notably those with noise models of quantum processors.

Many quantum applications, such as the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) and quantum simulation of physical dynamics, require expectation value computation. Traditional simulation approaches may be too expensive to accurately mimic these expected values. Pauli propagation allows estimation by describing states and observables as weighted sums of Pauli tensor products and dynamically deleting components that significantly affect the expectation value.

Particular Uses: The approach is promising for simulating near-Clifford or noisy circuits. It has also performed well when modelling circuits that simulate the evolution of certain quantum spin systems, such as IBM's 127-qubit "utility circuits".

NVIDIA GPUs speed up Pauli propagation, allowing developers to improve classical circuit simulation with new tools. Compared to single-threaded Qiskit Pauli-Prop on current data centre CPUs, NVIDIA DGX B200 GPUs have shown multiple orders of magnitude speedups.

CuStabilizer: High-Throughput Error Correction Testing Stabiliser simulations are based on the Gottesman-Knill theorem, which asserts that Clifford gate circuits (CNOT, Hadamard, and Phase gates) may be simulated classically in polynomial time. This capacity is needed for large-scale QEC code testing and resource estimation.

Frame Simulation Acceleration: The cuStabilizer library boosts frame simulator throughput for sampling speeds. Since quantum devices are imperfect, frame simulation models quantum noise's effect on quantum state. The frame simulator monitors the change caused by adding arbitrary noisy gates if the noise-free outcome is known. Meeting Data Needs: Because the number of noisy gate possibilities increases rapidly with circuit size, error correction methods require many “shots” or samples to simulate. CuStabilizer is ideal for developing QEC codes, testing new decoders, and creating big datasets for AI decoder training.

Infleqtion Receives $2 Million Army Contract for Contextual Machine Learning for Next-Generation Assured Navigation

The U.S. Army awarded quantum-enabled technology company Infleqtion a $2 million contract. This large funding supports contextual machine learning (CML), especially for Assured Navigation and Timing. The U.S. Army contract advances the integration of cutting-edge computational methodologies with military-essential positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems.

In modern combat, reliable navigation is crucial due to the growing sophistication of opponents who can block or jam GPS signals. Military platforms and troops need accurate, reliable PNT data even when satellite signals are lost. This contract-supported Infleqtion project uses Contextual Machine Learning to directly address these issues.

Function of Contextual Machine Learning

The project focusses on contextual machine learning. This technique enhances PNT data fidelity and resilience using enhanced algorithmic learning. Traditional navigation systems filter input with a static set of sensors. Contextual Machine Learning lets navigation systems read and alter complicated, multi-sensor data streams in real time in the operational environment.

To enable platforms to maintain precise situational awareness and navigation, synthesise inputs from several sources, such as quantum sensors or alternative navigation aids, and make intelligent, real-time data dependability decisions. With the Contextual Machine Learning framework, the navigation engine can evaluate contextual cues, identify patterns associated to trustworthy versus contaminated sensor data, and reduce spoofing, jamming, and system errors. This level of advanced filtering and data fusion allows a smooth transition between GPS-dependent and GPS-less situations.

Military Operations Resilience Improvement

The U.S. Army's emphasis on this technology emphasises the need for non-reliant navigation. By ensuring that essential defence equipment, including as ground vehicles and aviation assets, can operate exactly in any electromagnetic environment, the contract intends to improve warfighter resilience.

With this contract, Infleqtion may combine cutting-edge algorithmic processing with its quantum sensing capabilities. Quantum sensors that detect even the slightest rotation or gravity variations provide exceptionally accurate PNT information without satellite transmissions. To maximise these complex sensor inputs, a complex processing layer is needed. Contextual Machine Learning can analyse, verify, and combine these sensors' massive data sets to develop a logical, reliable navigation system.

By developing Contextual Machine Learning for ANT, Infleqtion wants to transform military asset travel and function. This program should give U.S. forces a tactical advantage in disputed areas where navigation integrity is vital by improving operational effectiveness and safety. The agreement shows the U.S. Army's commitment to investing in cutting-edge technologies that maximise next-generation sensor technology while minimising dependency on fragile satellite infrastructure.

Its Contextual Machine Learning (CML) Technology

To overcome standard machine learning's limitations, such as how much data the model can handle and recall, Infleqtion's Contextual Machine Learning (CML) uses quantum-inspired AI.

SAPIENT, a system for Assured Navigation and Timing (ANT) in GPS-unreliable or prohibited environments, is its principal function in the Army contract.

The main ways CML improves navigation are:

Quantum-Inspired Scalability and Efficiency

Extended Context Windows: Traditional AI models like the Transformer architecture struggle to handle long data sequences without enough processing capacity (limited “context windows”). Quantum-inspired algorithms enable CML's larger context windows. Since it can “remember” and evaluate data from far longer time periods, it makes more accurate predictions.

Edge Deployment: Contextual Machine Learning should be faster and smaller than similar models. Even in low-network environments, they can be placed directly on ground vehicles, aircraft, or other military assets on compact, power-efficient edge computing platforms like NVIDIA Jetson.

Even though they are now running on commercial GPUs like NVIDIA's CUDA-Q platform, the CML algorithms are quantum-ready, which promises even higher speedups when native Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) become widely available.

Enhancing Timing and Navigation When GPS is banned or disputed, Contextual Machine Learning improves sensor fusion and data dependability, improving navigation:

Due to its multimodal learning capabilities, Contextual Machine Learning can integrate and analyse several data streams in real time. This includes:

GPS/GNSS (if available)

INS systems

Quantum sensors like atomic clocks and inertial sensors detect minute rotation or gravity changes.

Camera data/computer vision

Context-Aware Decision Making: In CML, “contextual” means the AI understands the situation, such as a crowded car, rough terrain, or an urban canyon. We utilise contextual awareness to:

Spoofing or jamming can be detected by recognising patterns in manipulated sensor data.

Change Data Weighting: Trust sensors differently. If GPS is likely obstructed, the system relies more on the precise internal quantum and inertial sensors. Smooth shift: Allow precise and seamless transition between GPS-enabled and non-enabled environments.

Significant Projects

Infleqtion employed this technology in defence programs:

Combatants need trustworthy, multi-sensor fusion, which SAPIENT (Secured AI for Positioning at the Edge, Navigation, and Timing) supports under the new Army contract.

QuIRC (Quantum-Inspired Rapid Context) improves Navy situational awareness by using CML for real-time RF signal processing.

QuantWare Launches 10,000-Qubit Quantum Processor VIO-40K

Dutch quantum hardware pioneer QuantWare reported a massive scaling breakthrough with the VIO-40K quantum processor, which will transform quantum technology. This new device can produce 10,000 qubits, 100 times more than the largest quantum processing units (QPUs) on the market, according to reports. The company claims that this technology solves the largest challenge facing the quantum industry—the technological bottleneck in expanding quantum hardware—and ushers in economically feasible quantum processing.

For nearly ten years, a technological ceiling around 100 qubits has severely hampered quantum computing. This long-standing constraint has pushed researchers and corporations to use theoretical studies or arduous, expensive methods that require connecting several smaller computers. Even large industry players like IBM have set goals that just slightly exceed 120 qubits by 2028 for advanced devices. In contrast, QuantWare's VIO-40K eliminates a fundamental scaling barrier that has slowed quantum computer progress by a generation.

Revolutionary VIO 3D Architecture

The VIO-40K's power and scalability come from QuantWare's VIO 3D scaling architecture. This revolutionary design eliminates planar constraints that plagued earlier quantum technology. Instead, the VIO 3D design uses a custom chaplet module network. These modules are connected by ultra-high-fidelity chip-to-chip links. The modular, three-dimensional approach is key to controlling architectural complexity and ensuring quantum coherence across the massive number of qubits.

Importantly, the VIO-40K design supports 40,000 I/O lines. This high I/O density is essential for controlling, reading, and preserving the exact quantum state of 10,000 qubits. By using this advanced VIO design, QuantWare claims that the VIO-40K provides more compute power per dollar and per watt than prior quantum systems. This efficiency makes high-qubit quantum computation more accessible and energy-efficient for end users.

This innovation affects quantum system builders. The VIO architecture allows for the construction of quantum computers with unprecedented power without the challenges, performance degradation, and coherence issues of networking multiple QPUs. The higher “compute per dollar” boosts economic viability, changing quantum computing from a pricey academic curiosity into a viable, industrial tool ready for commercial usage.

QuantWare CEO Matt Rijlaarsdam stressed the VIO-40K's importance given the company's stagnation. Rijlaarsdam says, 'For years, people have heard about quantum computing's potential to alter sectors from chemistry to materials to energy, but the industry has been trapped around 100-qubit QPUs pushing the field to theorise about exciting but far-off technologies'. By breaking the 10,000-qubit barrier, QuantWare is encouraging the industry to use fully scaled computing solutions.

Open Strategy and Smooth Integration

QuantWare's deployment strategy spreads its technology advantage rather than monopolising it. The Quantum Open Architecture (QOA) commits the corporation to making the VIO architecture widely available to the quantum ecosystem. This bold, open-source method allows any organisation working with superconducting qubits the same as the VIO-40K to leverage this scaling breakthrough to construct more powerful processors. QuantWare's transparency shows its desire to become the key hardware provider for the rapidly growing quantum sector, which will accelerate the field's development rather than merely its own product development cycle.

QuantWare is also ensuring that its new hardware suits the HPC environment. The VIO-40K CPU was designed for CUDA-Q and NVIDIA NVQLink. This important integration enables a high-throughput, low-latency interface between scalable quantum computation resources and classical AI supercomputing infrastructure. Developers can use a powerful interface to use hybrid quantum-classical resources due to this compatibility. This shows a knowledge that solving the hardest real-world problems requires a joint approach that uses quantum and conventional computers.

Kilofab Deployment and Commitment Timeline QuantWare is investing extensively in manufacturing infrastructure to meet global demand for hyperscaled QPUs. Kilofab, an industrial QPU fabrication plant, is being built. In 2026, this Delft, Netherlands, facility will only produce VIO-40K processors. The enormous facility is expected to increase QuantWare's production capacity by 20.

Kilofab's structure shows its dedication to mass production and industrial scale. QuantWare is strengthening its supply chain and boosting capacity to become one of the world's largest quantum fabrication facilities to fast transfer the VIO-40K from lab prototype to commercial hardware.

After manufacturing and technological challenges are overcome, market deployment begins. QuantWare is taking orders for the VIO-40K, which will ship in 2028. Although the scaling breakthrough has already occurred, this timescale predicts the deployment of the first fully scaled, economically relevant quantum computers before the end of the decade.

Scaleway's Quantum Cloud with Pasqal Neutral-Atom Processors

Pasqal Quantum

Pasqal, a leader in neutral-atom quantum computing, will join Scaleway's Quantum-as-a-Service (QaaS) platform. This crucial relationship was presented at ai-PULSE 2025. This agreement aims to give European researchers and developers access to Pasqal's cutting-edge quantum computing devices. Pasqal is committed to democratising quantum computing using sovereign cloud infrastructure.

Brief Insider

Scaleway's Quantum-as-a-Service platform integrates Pasqal's neutral-atom quantum computers. This considerably expands European developers' and researchers' cloud access to quantum devices. This integration relies on a fluid user experience that lets teams switch between Pasqal's real quantum hardware and GPU-based quantum simulation in a single cloud workflow. The European quantum cloud ecosystem benefits from this combination. Pasqal now deploys Scaleway alongside Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, OVHcloud, and its own platform.

Smooth Developer Access and Workflow

Quantum development workflow is complete and effective with Scaleway QaaS. This cloud architecture makes Pasqal's neutral-atom quantum computers and other top European quantum technology available. This creates a cohesive environment to accelerate quantum technology. Modern quantum computing resources are now available to organisations without the complexity and operational burden of managing physical hardware.

The cloud design gives QaaS users immediate access to Pasqal QPUs, eliminating hardware administration. High-performance GPU-based quantum emulation helps teams develop solutions quickly. As projects evolve and requirements get more complicated, users can easily switch between the emulation environment and quantum hardware. This comprehensive methodology speeds up the development cycle from concept to completion.

The platform provides developers with open-source SDKs including Pulser, Pasqal's Python library. The pulser simplifies pulse-level quantum programming for defining laser pulses and sequences to control neutral-atom systems. Scaleway's unified cloud access to quantum hardware improves quantum computing user experience.

European Sovereign Quantum Ecosystem Construction

Pasqal's incorporation into Scaleway QaaS strengthens its presence across crucial European cloud infrastructure. This follows Pasqal's November 2025 launch on OVHcloud's Quantum Platform, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and its Cloud Platform.

The collaboration enhances the local quantum cloud ecosystem. European businesses may easily investigate quantum computing applications using Pasqal's cutting-edge quantum hardware and open-source development tools and Scaleway's powerful cloud infrastructure. This sovereign infrastructure gives these organisations complete control over their sensitive data and computing activities.

Europe's quantum computing leadership is strengthened by Pasqal's QPUs. Pasqal and Scaleway are enabling experimentation and creativity to drive the next wave of advanced quantum applications by giving smooth access to various quantum modalities on a single platform. This is a major step towards integrating advanced quantum computing, particularly neutral-atom systems, into cloud activities for developers and scholars.

Pasqal's Neutral-Atom Technology and Global Reach

Pasqal specialises in neutral-atom technology, which uses optical tweezers to arrange atoms into qubits. The flexible 2D and 3D layouts of this unique technique make it perfect for solving quantum optimisation and simulation challenges.

The platform provides access to Pasqal's neutral-atom QPUs. Users can employ Pasqal's Orion Gamma generation 100-qubit Fresnel and DistriQ modules. Pasqal is leading the industrialisation and implementation of neutral-atom quantum computing, turning Nobel Prize-winning research into practical solutions for corporations, governments, and academics.

Compas: Distributed Multi-Party SWAP Test Aids Parallel Quantum Algorithm Multivariate Trace Estimation

COMPAS

The limited number of qubits per device is a major obstacle to quantum computing. Due to this constraint, distributed architectures linking many quantum processing units (QPUs) are being studied. To run complex quantum algorithms over these distant systems, algorithmic primitives and hardware must be carefully co-designed to efficiently control circuit depth and entanglement overhead.

Researchers focused on multivariate trace estimation, a crucial subroutine used in Rényi entropy estimation, virtual cooling and distillation, and quantum signal processing. The researchers include John M. Martyn from Pacific Northwest National Lab and Harvard University, Brayden Goldstein-Gelb from Brown University, and Kun Liu from Yale.

They introduced COMPAS (Compiling a Multi-Party SWAP Test for Parallel Algorithms on Distributed Quantum Systems) to implement multivariate trace estimation across a multi-party network of interconnected modular and distributed QPUs. COMPAS minimises both the entanglement width and circuit depth, unlike other methods that must choose between GHZ width and asymptotic optimality in circuit depth. This makes COMPAS appropriate for near-term quantum devices.

Physical Quantum System Scaling Challenge Scaling physical quantum systems while maintaining qubit connection and gate fidelity is difficult due to control complexity, wiring density, power limits, and maintenance overhead. Modular designs allow parallel and distributed quantum computing to overcome these limitations.

Distributed quantum computing requires communication between geographically scattered QPUs to compute. Modular systems enable remote gate operations and quantum-state teleportation using a Bell pair shared by physical qubits in several nodes. Despite huge experimental progress in generating quantum links, remote entanglement between neutral atom or trapped ion qubits only achieved rates of a few hundred Hz with entangling fidelities in the upper 90% range.

Teleoperations are common because the no-cloning theorem prevents computers from replicating quantum states. The telegate primitive lets one party control a unitary on another, and the teledata primitive teleports a quantum state. The primitives use classical communication and pre-shared Bell pairs.

A Constant-Depth Design for True Parallelism Combining hardware and software, COMPAS estimates multivariate traces. The key is that these algorithms' program structure organises computation and communication. While Bell pair-assisted teleportation handles remote gates well, local operations can be shallow.

COMPAS performs the multi-party SWAP test, a quantum primitive used in many parallel algorithms. This test's well-organised architecture allows targeted compiler optimisations that cut communication costs.

The multi-party SWAP test design automatically divides data components into modules. This fundamental architectural aspect improves synchronisation and parallelism by allowing input preparation to occur in parallel across several modules and state preparation to occur within individual modules, decreasing network traffic.

COMPAS' ability to maintain circuit depth independent of module count is a major contribution. This constant-depth characteristic ensures that node-to-node communication won't slow runtime, enabling scaled parallelism. This is done by using Bell pairs at a rate linear in circuit width and adding a constant depth overhead.

To apply this distributed technique, the researchers constructed a distributed controlled-SWAP (CSWAP) gate. Teledata and telegate primitives enable QPU communication in this design.

Resource Efficiency and Variety COMPAS optimises qubit utilisation and inter-node communication. Researchers studied resource needs like ancilla qubits, Bell pair consumption, and circuit depth. They simulated and investigated how network-level errors and circuit-level noise affected the architecture. Circuit-level simulations showed COMPAS's resilience to gate faults and noisy communication. The analysis also included total error tolerance and scattered nodes.

By balancing circuit design, entanglement distribution, and hardware limits, COMPAS enables scalable, high-performance quantum computing on distributed systems.

The protocol's versatility is shown by its adaptation to multivariate trace estimation-dependent computer tasks:

Calculate Rényi entropy.

Entanglement spectroscopy.

Virtual distillation/cooling.

Parallel quantum signal processing.