#quantumalgorithms

Quantum CIO

As quantum computing becomes a reality for organizational infrastructure, the CIO has a new responsibility. This technology is called a “double-edged revolution” since it weaponizes new encryption schemes and provides unprecedented computing power for research and artificial intelligence. Quantum readiness is increasingly essential for IT administrators to maintain organizational resilience and public confidence, not only a technical advancement. The industry now agrees that quantum-safe technologies will be implemented “when,” not “if.”

Accelerating Quantum Clock

The concept that quantum threats are decades away is a major challenge for CIOs. According to IBM's quantum-centric supercomputing CTO Jerry Chow, the path for such systems is accelerating. IBM has ambitious aspirations for its 200-logical-qubit “Starling” system in 2029 and its 1,000-logical-qubit “Blue Jay” system in 2033.

A million qubit machine might crack RSA-2048 encryption, but Nobel Laureate John Martinis warns that algorithmic advances may arrive sooner. Martinis noted during the Palo Alto Networks Quantum Safe Summit that organizations have time to prepare, but not forever. The change involves switching from “quantum-classical hybrids” to native quantum algorithms that leverage entanglement and superposition to solve mathematical issues classical logic cannot map.

Instant Danger: Harvest Now, Decrypt Later

The most pressing reason for swift action is “Harvest Now, Decrypt Later” (HNDL). Attackers intercept and store encrypted financial data, state secrets, and intellectual property to decipher it when quantum hardware improves. If an organization's data is older than ten years, retroactive assaults are possible.

A Deloitte poll found that over half of experts believe HNDL threatens their companies, yet few have completely inventoried their key data. Strategic CIOs want to protect this data before the “quantum clock” runs out.

Standardization and 2035 Mandate

NIST, which has established implementation standards, is leading the post-quantum cryptography (PQC) shift. CIOs face a major change with the 2035 federal mandate to adopt PQC standards. Regulated areas like finance, healthcare, and defense should follow this schedule for compliance and interoperability.

NIST and CISA recommend “cryptographic agility” for businesses. This is the new IT architectural gold standard since it allows encryption method swapping without system modification.

Resilience Action Plan: Three Pillars

CIOs should manage this transformation with a methodical operational structure with three phases:

Discovery and CBOM. Most companies don't have a Cryptographic Bill of Materials since encryption is often hidden in cloud-native microservices and older operational technology. CIOs should use automated technologies and firewall telemetry to map RSA and ECC usage.

After creating an inventory, CIOs must rank remediation by data shelf life in Phase II: Systemic Protection and Data Segmentation. Even though session tokens expire fast, sensitive PII and firm trade secrets must be kept private for decades. The 2025 Ponemon-Sullivan Privacy Report found that 36% of stored data is mission-critical, yet inadequate classical encryption protects much of it.

Phase III: Solving the Legacy Anchor: Satellites, medical equipment, and mainframe applications are difficult to upgrade. Cipher translation allows next-generation firewalls to act as a bridge by quickly turning weak traffic into quantum-secure sessions, future-proofing hardware without a “rip and replace” project. Advance Large-Scale Logical Qubits is another Quantum News article.

Operationalizing Future

Quantum readiness is essential for responsible IT modernization. U.S. Federal CISO Mike Duffy warns that ignoring PQC readiness now is risking future technological debt. This migration is not a side project and requires a dedicated budget, executive endorsement, and strict vendor monitoring. CIOs must demand PQC roadmaps from suppliers and review each new procurement for cryptographic agility.

In conclusion

Rigetti Computing Pioneers Quantum Advantage: Global Growth and High Fidelity Highlight 2025 Results

Rigetti computing financial results

Rigetti Computing, Inc. (Nasdaq: RGTI) showed a firm at the intersection of strong technical advancement and targeted worldwide development with its 2025 fourth quarter and full-year financial results. The company's technical achievements, including a two-qubit gate fidelity breakthrough and a chiplet-based architecture, indicate that practical quantum advantage is becoming more likely, even though the financial figures reflect the significant investment needed to lead the quantum race.

Economic Results and Cash Strategy

Rigetti earned $7.1 million in the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025, including $1.9 million in the fourth quarter. Despite falling sales from $10.8 million in 2024, the corporation has significant cash. With $589.8 million in cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale investments, Rigetti finished 2025. A $35 million Quanta Computer private investment and $346.7 million in ATM offerings contributed to this substantial cash reserve.

According to GAAP, the corporation lost $216.2 million, or $0.70 per share, in 2025. Management believed a non-GAAP net loss of $50.5 million ($0.16 per share) better reflected ongoing operations. The difference is mostly due to non-cash reasons including a $150.6 million adjustment in derivative warrant obligation fair value.

Technological Advances: 99.9% Fidelity

The report cites Rigetti's 99.9% two-qubit gate integrity as the most remarkable technological achievement. A prototype platform was utilized to test the company's new proprietary adiabatic CZ method, which operates at 28 nanoseconds. The ultimate implementation of complex quantum algorithms and error correction rely on this accuracy.

Additionally, Rigetti's numerous systems continue to have good median two-qubit gate fidelities: 99% on the 108-qubit Cepheus-1-108Q, 99.7% on its 9-qubit system, and 99.6% on its 36-qubit system These standards aim to maintain superconducting qubits' 1,000-fold performance advantage while narrowing the gap between them and other modalities like trapped ions or neutral atoms.

Rigetti CEO Dr. Subodh Kulkarni credits its vertically integrated strategy for these advances. Rigetti manages design, production, testing, and system integration at their Fab-1 facility to speed up iterations and protect their IP.

Global Momentum: Japan and India

Rigetti's business strategy altered substantially in 2025 to focus on on-premises system installs for government and academic organizations who need direct hardware access for HPC facilities.

The $8.4 million purchase order from India's Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was notable. This order is for a 108-qubit on-premises superconducting quantum computer using Rigetti's chiplet design. The system will be added to C-DAC's HPC environment in the second half of 2026 to enable hybrid classical-quantum research.

Rigetti received its first QPU order in Japan, intended for delivery in April 2026 to a Japanese research organization, together with the India transaction. The company is also processing $5.7 million in orders for its upgradeable Novera on-premises systems, which allow clients to extend their research capacities.

Scaling using Chiplets

Quantum systems beyond 100 qubits provide manufacturing issues for monolithic chip architectures. Rigetti has refined their chiplet tiling approach, which it considers the best way to build huge systems. This method increases qubit counts while maintaining yield and homogeneity by tiling smaller, more reliable devices. Tiling four 9-qubit chiplets created the Cepheus-1-36Q system.

Company priorities include implementing its 108-qubit chiplet-based technology. Performance validation at higher qubit counts revealed and resolved tunable-coupler interactions by Rigetti engineers. These architectural advancements have improved system management and stability, enhancing the company's roadmap goals confidence, reports say.

Partnerships and Future

Rigetti works with many partners because to its open and modular architecture. Error correction research with Riverlane continues while the company develops throughout the computing stack employing NVIDIA, Quanta Computer, and QphoX technologies.

Dr. Kulkarni predicted a large year-over-year revenue growth in the first quarter of 2026 owing to Novera on-premises system delivery. The company plans to provide the 108-qubit system with 99.5% median two-qubit gate integrity and move to larger systems.

A quantum alternating operator

A pioneering quantum computing study showed a significant development. The study examines variational algorithms' performance in solving the world's hardest mathematical problems. UC Santa Cruz and Fujitsu Research of America researchers developed a new method to “warm-start” the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA), which could revolutionize how many firms address limited optimization difficulties.

Constrained Optimization Challenge

Cardinality-constrained optimization is fundamental to modern material science, economics, and logistics. These issues are often NP-hard, meaning that conventional computers need exponentially more processing capacity to find an optimal solution with more variables.

Quantum computing was once expected to solve these problems. The XY-mixer is a staple in quantum algorithms because it is good at maintaining problem constraints while solving it. Despite their potential, variational algorithms often struggle to train due to their complex mathematical landscape.

Dynamical Lie Algebra

Hannes Leipold and Steven Kordonowy lead the work, which focuses on Dynamical Lie Algebras, to analyze the mathematical nature of these quantum circuits. The DLA of a quantum circuit defines the space of all possible operations, establishing the algorithm's "reach".

The team's key result is how XY-mixer "topology," or connection layout, impacts DLA size. They found considerable performance differences and provided DLA decompositions for several mixer topologies.

The researchers found that “these DLAs are efficiently trainable when they decompose into polynomial-sized Lie algebras.” Cycle XY-mixers with arbitrary RZ gates offer a computationally simple optimization method. DLAs are exponentially larger in more complex designs with arbitrary RZZ gates or all-to-all XY-mixers. Researchers should avoid exponential DLAs since they often suggest that the training process will become unmanageable, limiting the algorithm's advancement and preventing it from solving the problem.

New Approach: Restriction-Based Warm-Up

The researchers invented a “warm-starting” strategy to overcome the “intractability trap” of large DLAs. Before training a complex, exponentially large system from a random starting point, the researchers recommend pre-training on smaller, polynomially sized DLAs.

This is done via gate-generator limitation. Restricting the quantum gates to a more comprehensible mathematical region helps find a “good” starting point quickly. The constraint is eliminated when this foundation is built, increasing the optimization's likelihood of finding the global minimum in all space.

The results of this method are astonishing. Our numerical simulations showed that warm-starting gave better solutions and faster convergence. Both the “shared-angle” and “multi-angle” Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz had this advantage.

Sharing vs. Multi-Angle Performance

The study also examined two popular algorithm modifications to the warm-starting approach. Researchers found that the multi-angle Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz, in which certain gates have different rotation angles, performed better than the shared-angle version in the issue scenarios they evaluated. With multi-angle parameters, the circuit design is more difficult, but the versatility is worth it.

Future Quantum Computing Implications

This study's timeliness is critical for the sector. In the age of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, scientists must develop variational algorithms more durable and trainable to get quantum advantage.

Google proposed a groundbreaking plan to protect HTTPS from quantum computing threats. We want to put quantum-resistant security everywhere without losing speed or efficacy, as web consumers demand. Google uses Merkle Trees to condense 15kB of encrypted data into 700 bytes.

Emerging Quantum Threat

The sensitivity of current encryption techniques to quantum algorithms drives this transition. Traditional public key infrastructure relies on elliptic curve (EC) signatures and public keys, which are usually small—a certificate chain takes roughly 4 kilobytes. These classical systems can be cracked by Shor's quantum-enabled method, which breaks public keys and forges signatures.

If quantum computers become viable, attackers might use Shor's approach to spoof timestamps on signed certificates to prove they've been registered. This would allow phony certificates and widespread web user eavesdropping. The industry must use quantum-resistant algorithms like ML-DSA to combat this.

Handshake bottleneck

This shift is hindered by quantum-resistant cryptography material's 40-fold bigger size than classical material. If this much data is sent during a TLS handshake, which connects a browser to a website, web speed may decrease.

Cloudflare lead research engineer Bas Westerbaan warned that larger certificates impede handshakes. This degradation may cause "middle boxes" between the browser and the destination to malfunction. If the new encryption slows browsing, many users may stop it, leaving them exposed. Google keeps the certificate size at 4kB to avoid “leaving people behind” in the transition.

Merkle Trees Revolutionize Data Compression

Merkle Tree Certificates (MTCs) help Google overcome size limits. Merkle Trees use mathematical concepts and cryptographic hashes to verify massive volumes of data with a fraction of the data needed for conventional verification.

Conventional PKIs send the browser a long, serialized chain of signatures. One “Tree Head” containing MTCs from a Certification Authority (CA) can represent millions of certificates. When connecting to a website, a browser receives a “lightweight proof of inclusion” in that tree instead of the full chain. This solution lets Google use quantum-resistant components while retaining data manageability and system compatibility.

Historical Lessons and Transparency Logs

The MTC transition expands Certificate Transparency logs. The Netherlands-based CA DigiNotar was hacked in 2011, prompting these logs. 500 phony certificates were created by the breach, and some were used to snoop on Iranian internet users.

All TLS certificates must now be published in these open, append-only ledgers by Google and other browser vendors. Website owners check these logs for rogue certifications. The new quantum-resistant regime will be added to the 2022 Chrome Root Store to produce a “quantum-resistant root store” that verifies certificates without requiring large keys and hashes.

Implementation and Global Adoption

Google Chrome has begun using this method. To test MTCs in real life, Cloudflare is enrolling over 1,000 TLS certificates on a test distributed ledger. Cloudflare generates the ledger, but Certification Authorities will eventually do so.

International standards groups collaborate on the changeover. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created PATS (PKI, Logs, And Tree Signatures) to work with key industry players on a long-term internet solution.

Active Defense

The Chrome Secure online and Networking Team called MTCs and a quantum-resistant root store a “critical opportunity” to secure the modern online in a blog post. Experts agree that preparation must begin immediately to crack RSA-2048 encryption, which may require 100,000 physical qubits.

Luxembourg launches €1.2 million R&D call to advance AI, Data, and Quantum technologies

Luxembourg News Today

The Luxembourg Ministry of the Economy, the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR), and Luxinnovation have announced a major collaborative research and development (R&D) call to establish Luxembourg as a leading European innovation hub, focusing on groundbreaking quantum technologies, AI, and data science.

Vision for Digital Sovereignty

Long-term collaboration between public research groups and private industries is the fundamental purpose of this joint call. Luxembourg wants to bridge the gap between academic theory and economic practice to accelerate digital technology adoption. The program is crucial to the national policy to strengthen digital sovereignty, which goes beyond technology.

The assertion that the initiative emphasizes public-private partnerships to give private enterprises unprecedented access to specialized infrastructure, scientific knowledge, and worldwide best practices. The purpose of this collaboration is to improve local workforce expertise in complex data analytics and modeling and provide long-term benefit.

The Three Innovation Pillars

Three primary themes were chosen for the R&D call because they can address future scientific and industrial issues:

Data-Based Solutions: This pillar emphasizes predictive modeling and simulations. These technologies are essential for processing industry's massive datasets, which enable complex system modeling and process optimization.

AI: Projects that automate procedures, optimise workflows, and generate “trustworthy” apps are sought. Credibility is part of European goals to make AI open, moral, and reliable for critical industrial jobs.

Quantum Technologies: Luxembourg wants proposals on secure quantum communication, simulations, and algorithms for the next computer wave. These innovations should improve processing speed and cybersecurity, providing the country's scientific and financial sectors an edge.

Candidates must demonstrate how their proposed projects will leverage these technologies to improve goods, processes, and services in a measurable way.

Funding, Collaboration Framework

The funding method is deliberately designed to ensure ambitious, team-based activities. Ministry and FNR funding includes up to €700,000 for commercial firms and €500,000 for qualifying public research institutes within the national RDI framework.

A coalition is essential for any initiative. These consortia must provide public-private balance because no partner can contribute more than 70% of project costs. This ensures that risks and rewards are shared and activities are collaborative. We expect financed projects to last 24–36 months.

Strategic Applicants Timeline

Two steps of the submission process ensure high-quality ideas that meet national priorities:

The first project outline is due on March 1 and must be submitted by April 1, 2026. These guidelines will verify eligibility and ensure the project meets call goals.

Webinar Support: Luxinnovation will provide a webinar on March 5, 2026, to explain the call objectives and application process. They also have an online outline submission platform.

Phase Two (Full Proposals): Consortiums who pass the first screening will submit detailed project proposals between April 30 and July 1, 2026.

Final Decisions: An unbiased group of professionals will evaluate the plans, and finance decisions are expected by October 2026.

Global context: Quantum Momentum

Luxembourg's initiative is transforming the quantum and AI sectors worldwide. According to the sources, D-Wave projected a 179% sales gain for 2025, showing a fast-growing quantum bookings market, and Xanadu and Lockheed Martin just announced a quantum machine learning collaboration. The UK will spend more on quantum computing over the next five years, among other countries.

Luxembourg is leading the real-world deployment of these technologies by issuing an R&D request, not just following a trend. The focus on reliable AI and secure quantum communication suggests a purposeful move toward becoming a high-tech, secure global trade and research hub.

QUDORA and ParityQC partnered to improve trapped-ion quantum computing efficiency.

Overview

Austrian architectural firm ParityQC and German developer QUDORA have cooperated to boost trapped-ion quantum computer efficiency. The partners intend to reduce gate counts and computational errors with ParityQC's Parity Twine software and QUDORA's NFQC Near-Field Quantum Control hardware. This alliance tries to improve performance without mechanical complexity by adapting quantum algorithms to physical hardware limits. Both companies in the European technology ecosystem aspire to accelerate the translation of experimental research into industrial applications. Collaboration is a crucial step toward resource-efficient, practical, utility-scale quantum devices.

Overcoming Hardware-Software Divide

ParityQC's hardware-aware architectural framework and QUDORA's Near-Field Quantum Control are combined in this partnership. This alliance aims to create a fluid collaboration in which the algorithm is “aware” of the processor's physical constraints and capabilities, unlike many quantum researchers who solely focus on hardware or complex software.

Since 2021, QUDORA has created whole quantum systems, including control systems, hardware, and system integration. Their ultra-precise qubit control and extremely long coherence durations make their NFQC technology a key differentiator that boosts qubit performance. To gain a quantum advantage on these systems, algorithms must be enhanced. Hardware supremacy alone will not.

Advantage of Parity Twine

Here's where ParityQC's experience helps. ParityQC specializes in hardware-aware quantum architecture and scalable quantum computer architectures and operating systems. Utilizing Parity Twine, they have achieved record efficiency in developing quantum algorithms across hardware connectivities.

Through Parity Twine in QUDORA's trapped-ion systems, the researchers intend to adapt algorithms to quantum processor topologies and operational restrictions. Lower gate counts and circuit depth reduce cumulative error, making this technique viable. Since every gate operation in the “Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum” (NISQ) period produces noise, simplifying a circuit is the fastest way to improve results with existing technology.

Solution to “Optimization Challenge”

The “Optimization Challenge” is the greatest hurdle to providing actual value, say firms. Algorithms often require more qubits and deeper circuits than hardware can handle without hardware optimization.

Dr. Daniel Borcherding, Head of Quantum Software at QUDORA, says: “Practical quantum computing requires effective hardware resource utilization. Due to ParityQC's architecture-driven approach, we can improve algorithm performance without adding hardware complexity. Efficiency speeds up commercial client application development.

QUDORA's hardware skills and architectural approach would “fast-track the development towards utility-scale quantum devices,” according to ParityQC Co-CEOs Wolfgang Lechner and Magdalena Hauser. They claim their method implements “corner-stone” algorithms most efficiently.

Strengthening Europe's Quantum Ecosystem

In addition to technological integration, this collaboration improves European quantum technology. Unlike ParityQC, which is headquartered in Innsbruck, Austria, and operates in Germany, France, and the UK, QUDORA is based in Braunschweig and Hamburg.

Both companies are well-established in European R&D because to NXP Semiconductors and the DLR. Europe's prolonged quantum race edge with technically solid and real-world computing solutions begins with this concentrated technological effort.

Industrial Integration Prospects

In addition to lab tests, QUDORA's solutions are designed to integrate with industrial infrastructure and be deployed at HPC facilities. The collaboration intends to provide resource-efficient solutions for complex optimization difficulties to general-purpose, error-corrected quantum computing by expediting quantum use case validation.

As ParityQC solves quantum device scalability issues with their fundamentally new paradigm, which enables fully programmable chips with simplified control, their work with QUDORA will demonstrate how hardware and software companies can collaborate to push quantum limits.

Concerning corporations

Germany-based Qudora does full-stack quantum computing. Its unique Near-Field Quantum Control (NFQC) technology aims to improve qubit performance and integration so many sectors can employ quantum computing.

German research institutes including the Munich Quantum Software Company  startup and the Technical University of Munich and Canadian quantum computing startup Xanadu formed a strategic collaboration. The Munich Quantum Toolkit, Xanadu's PennyLane software, and Catalyst compiler speed up the conversion of complex quantum algorithms into executable code.

The effort combines high-performance classical compilation tools with an intelligible Python interface to make quantum programming more scalable and accessible for academics. It also emphasizes Xanadu's economic progress, including a projected Nasdaq public offering with Crane Harbor Acquisition Corp. This initiative is expected to provide significant financial support for photonic quantum computing infrastructure and technology development.

Confronting Complexity

Quantum technology programs are becoming more sophisticated as the system grows. Compiling these large-scale applications is a major quantum computing stack challenge. The cooperation intends to reduce this by combining Catalyst and MQT's high-performance, classical compilation methods with PennyLane's simple, user-friendly Python interface.

Researchers designing hybrid quantum-classical programs have used PennyLane for years. Integration with MQT, based on decades of classical computing experience, makes the software stack more scalable and interoperable. This “mix-and-match” modular design allows specialized technology from various countries to interact freely, creating a more linked and accessible ecosystem.

Performance at Single-Line Speed

User accessibility is a key feature of this integration. Developers can now use advanced compilation, verification, and optimization techniques in PennyLane projects with one line of code. Researchers may focus on algorithmic innovation since the integration operates seamlessly in the background, avoiding the need to manage complex software settings.

By integrating MQT's tools for evaluating and refining quantum programs directly into the Catalyst infrastructure, Munich Quantum Software Company Chief Technology Officer Lukas Burgholzer says researchers get a “convenient frontend with state-of-the-art tools underneath that run automatically and efficiently”. Christian Weedbrook, Founder and CEO of Xanadu, said this unification makes quantum programs faster and more efficient without code changes.

An International Partnership

The programme links Europe and Canada, two of the world's most active quantum hubs.

For Munich Quantum Valley, TUM's Chair for Design Automation and MQSC created the Munich Quantum Toolkit (MQT).

One of Germany's largest and most recognized universities, the Technical University of Munich (TUM), has a budget of approximately €1.7 billion. It specializes in multidisciplinary engineering and natural science research. The Design Automation Chair, chaired by Prof. Robert Wille, explores automated design and modeling of complex new technologies.

Munich Quantum Software Company (MQSC): A spin-off from TUM and the Munich Quantum Valley, MQSC provides production-ready, industry-grade software solutions for educational research and real-world applications.

The Growing Xanadu Impact

This software milestone coincides with Xanadu's rapid growth. The 2016-founded firm wants quantum computers everywhere. Many recent advances have grabbed headlines.

The merger between Xanadu and Crane Harbor Acquisition Corp. is imminent. The only pure-play photonic quantum computing startup, Xanadu, is expected to go public with this deal. The result, Xanadu Quantum Technologies Limited, is expected to be listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and Nasdaq and funded with $500 million.

Post-merger, Xanadu moved to Stage B of DARPA's Quantum Benchmarking Initiative, receiving up to $15 million. In its physical infrastructure growth, the company established a $10 million sophisticated photonic packaging facility in Ontario to boost its hardware capabilities.

Future Course

PennyLane and MQT's combination simulates quantum development's future: a modular, high-performing stack with specialized tools. TUM, Munich Quantum Software Company, and Xanadu are lowering advanced optimization hurdles to accelerate usable quantum computing development.