#quantumchromodynamics

The strong force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, responsible for binding quarks together into protons, neutrons, and ultimately all atomic nuclei. 🔬 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the best-known theory explaining this interaction, yet it leaves many mysteries, especially at low energies where the force becomes extremely strong and difficult to calculate.

Recent research has explored several innovative directions beyond traditional QCD. One approach uses effective field theories such as chiral perturbation theory and heavy quark effective theory. These frameworks simplify complex interactions at low energies or for heavy quarks, helping physicists predict hadron behavior more accurately. ⚛️

Another approach is extended symmetry models such as chiral colors, which assume new color-like charges and particles (such as axigluons) that can change how quarks interact. Similarly, Technicolor and composite Higgs models explain phenomena beyond the Standard Model from dynamics like QCD, such as the origin of particle masses. 🧬

Some of the most exciting theoretical developments come from holographic models inspired by string theory. These treat strongly bound quarks as a dual gravitational system, providing insight into confinement and hadron structure where conventional methods fail. 🌌 There are more speculative ideas, such as superfluid vacuum theory, which conceptualizes the vacuum as a medium that can affect forces, including the strong interaction.

On the experimental side, the discovery of axions, dark photons, and rare hadron decays could reveal new physics linked to strong force dynamics. 🕵️‍♂️ Advanced lattice QCD simulations also allow researchers to explore quark-gluon behavior numerically, searching for patterns that are impossible to see analytically.

Integrated Correlation Functions Reveal Particle Scattering Secrets

Integrating Correlation Functions

A collaboration between theoretical physicists and quantum computing experts has demonstrated a new method for reproducing subatomic particle interactions, advancing computational physics. Using integrated correlation functions, the researchers recovered scattering phase changes, which are essential to understanding particle interactions, from a one-dimensional quantum mechanical model. This breakthrough, tested on quantum hardware, advances the simulation of complex physical systems that even the most powerful classical supercomputers cannot handle.

The Quantum Scattering Challenge To understand this study, one needs understand scattering phase changes. The force and angle of billiard ball collisions in the macroscopic world affect their timing and trajectory. In quantum mechanics, particles behave like waves. As wave-like particles interact or “scatter” off each other, a wave cycle's phase and location vary.

These phase shifts must be accurately computed to understand atomic, nuclear, and high-energy interactions. This has traditionally needed complex estimates and enormous computation. Complex systems with stronger interactions or more particles make classical techniques “inefficient or outright intractable”. Quantum computers can encode particle waves, but building viable quantum algorithms for today's restricted hardware has been difficult.

Integrated Correlation Function Definition New methodology relies on the integrated correlation function (ICF). In quantum physics, correlation functions show how states evolve and interact over time. The study team—Yong Zhao (Argonne National Laboratory), Paul LeVan and Frank X. Lee (George Washington University), and Peng Guo (Dakota State University)—created a mathematically rigorous framework that directly ties these functions to scattering data.

The core idea of the ICF technique is to bridge a finite, constrained quantum system and an unbounded volume. Physics researchers prefer a system where particles wander freely in an infinite volume without boundary effects. The researchers employ a weighted integral of correlation functions from a trapped system to analyze an unbounded, free-moving scenario.

This method avoids the need to determine a system's energy spectrum, which is a major gain. Real-time quantum evolution is used in the integrated correlation functions ICF technique to directly calculate phase shifts from energy levels. This method solves “signal-to-noise ratio” concerns in traditional simulations of these systems by allowing rapid convergence at short time intervals.

Viewing Current Quantum Hardware The study team evaluated its theoretical framework using a simple 1D model. This model simulates particle motion on a circle by placing a particle inside a box with periodic boundary conditions and matching its wavefunction at both ends. Physicists utilize a “contact” potential to measure particle interactions because it has analytical solutions that can be used to verify results. The team transferred the integrated correlation functions ICF formalism onto qubits and constructed quantum circuits for IBM quantum processors. These experiments revealed quantum technology's state:

Two-Qubit Success: Two-qubit systems' extracted phase shifts matched theoretical expectations, proving the method's validity. Three-Qubit Challenges: Three-qubit testing yielded significant errors. The researchers attributed this to NISQ device flaws in thermal relaxation and two-qubit gate operations that decohesion the quantum state. In order to handle real-time simulations' rapid oscillations, the researchers investigated many post-data processing methods. Several methods are needed to determine the physical signal underlying modern gear's "noisy" data.

A Multidisciplinary Bridge More than a software test, this study combines multiple scientific disciplines. It blends cutting-edge quantum information science with nuclear and particle physics topics including scattering theory and finite volume physics.

The team is recreating the S-matrix, Friedel formula, and periodic boundary techniques for quantum technology to create a toolkit for future physics research. Quantum computers may beat classical supercomputers in lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the study of the strong force keeping atomic nuclei together.

Road Ahead The paper suggests two primary research areas:

A big theoretical breakthrough in hadron internal topography has allowed physicists to better understand the subatomic cosmos. University of Pavia, Temple University, and École polytechnique researchers estimated quark GPDs with one-loop precision. This mathematical breakthrough provides a more complete “three-dimensional” description of quarks and gluons in protons and neutrons.

This discovery in early 2026 advanced Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong force that connects the universe. By incorporating complex quantum corrections, the group has enabled the high-energy physics community to turn particle collider data into unequivocal insights into matter's underlying structure.

Distributed Quantum Computing Receives $130M from Photonic Inc.

Beyond the One-Dimensional Snapshot GPDs must be understood in light of physicists' typical view of proton interiors. Parton Distribution Function (PDF) was the norm for decades. PDFs predict the possibility of finding a “parton” (gluon or quark) with a certain proportion of the hadron's longitudinal momentum.

Despite their inherent limitations, PDFs only provide a one-dimensional image and particle positions. Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) encode momentum and transverse spatial information, extending it. This allows researchers to generate a three-dimensional “tomographic” picture of nucleon internal dynamics by linking fundamental PDFs with elastic form factors to show how the proton's structure evolves from its constituents' chaotic interactions.

Read University of Iowa Modernizes MATFab with $1.5M Defense Grant.

One-Loop Breakthrough The strong force is extremely strong at the minuscule distances inside a nucleus, making hadrons' internal structures notoriously difficult to compute. Theorists utilize perturbation theory to overcome these problems by stretching computations into progressively complex terms based on a “small parameter” termed the QCD coupling constant.

This computation starts with “leading-order.” Recently, the mathematical model achieved one-loop precision for the first set of quantum corrections, including terms involving a single internal loop of virtual particles.

Researchers Alessio Carmelo Alvaro, Ignacio Castelli, and Cédric Lorcé used quantum computing QCD GPDs for quark distributions interacting with an on-shell gluon target to achieve this. They used a sophisticated mathematical framework to parametrize the matrix elements of a nonlocal light-like flavor-singlet vector current, a vital step in describing quark behavior in gluon fields.

Important Discoveries: Axial Anomaly and Conservation Laws On top of better numbers, one-loop precision introduced additional physical events that were previously hard to verify:

The Axial Anomaly: The study found a new quark GPD contribution related to the axial anomaly, a basic quantum field theory phenomenon where quantum effects break conventional symmetries. This contribution is consistent with long-standing theoretical predictions and appears in off-forward kinematics cases when collision momentum is not zero. Angular Momentum Conservation: To prevent model collapse at extremes, the researchers used “infrared regulators,” such as a small quark mass or dimensional regularization. They found that a certain GPD diminishes when momentum transfer approaches zero. This result is normal because of angular momentum conservation. Theoretical Consistency: The researchers showed that these new 3D GPDs totally reduce to 1D PDFs in the “forward limit” (where momentum transfer is zero). This is theoretical consistency. By doing so, the framework is expanded into other dimensions and the new high-precision results are validated to match current physics. Also see Quantum Noise Spectroscopy for Semiconductor Defect using PL5.

From Theory to Collider Floor One-loop precision affects the world's most advanced experimental facilities, making it more than an academic pursuit. The LHC and future EICs need precise theoretical inputs to evaluate colliding particle data.

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS), in which an electron bounces off a proton and generates a high-energy photon, is the principal way to access GPDs. An accurate mathematical description of GPDs will let experimentalists match these “exclusive processes” light and energy with the real 3D configuration of quarks and gluons.

The Way Forward: Finding “Strong Glue” The development leaves much to learn about the atom's core. Future study areas were identified by the researchers:

IBM Quantum Developer Conference

Community-Led Research Defines IBM Quantum Developer Conference 2025

Last month, IBM held its second Quantum Developer Conference on “Quantum Advantage Together”. The three-day event featured new quantum chips, robust software, and revolutionary research and development for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computing, but the community was the highlight.

The world's largest open-source quantum community, Qiskit, gathered together over 200 developers, researchers, advocates, students, and leaders to build QDC 2025's “living, beating heart”. The quantum ecosystem community and partners helped shape this year's programming, which included seminars, lightning talks, a poster exhibition, and tough coding challenges. All involvement was based on rigorous, brilliant, and imaginative quantum research, focussing on quantum optimisation and simulation.

Community Research Drives Simulation Challenges IBM estimates that quantum simulation will show its first quantum advantage in 2026 thanks to advances in hardware, algorithms, and quantum + HPC infrastructure. Community members presented entertaining presentations on basic physics and chemistry on the QDC main stage.

Multiple invited presentations and coding issues covered molecular systems and subatomic particle dynamics:

Danil Kaliakin of Cleveland Clinic described a sophisticated, open-source Qiskit Function method. This approach uses sample-based quantum diagonalisation to mimic molecular systems in chemical solvents. This study directly affected a coding challenge that calculated solute-solvent interactions using the SQD approach and well-known implicit solvation models.

Fundamental Particle Physics: Roland Farrell, a Caltech alumnus and IBM Quantum Credits Program recipient, discussed using quantum computers to simulate hadron dynamics in a simplified model of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong nuclear force. Farrell's work generated two modelling problems: particle creation and scattering in 1D Ising field theory and hadron wavepacket propagation in the Schwinger model.

Enrique Rico Ortega, of BasQ at the University of the Basque Country and CERN, has shown that IBM quantum computers can simulate basic physics, including lattice gauge theories. The “Real-Time Dynamics in a (2+1)-D Gauge Theory” coding challenge was inspired by this research. Ground state energy computations were another problem in the Sample-based Krylov quantum diagonalisation (SKQD) procedure, according to Oak Ridge National Laboratory research.

Optimisation Research Shows Near-Term Benefit

Even though quantum simulation dominated the invited speakers, promising quantum optimisation results suggested that quantum advantage in this industry may be “well within reach”.

Corey O'Meara of E.ON Digital Technology highlighted how the European energy company is studying quantum methods for distributed energy trading on local grids using Birkhoff decomposition. David Bernal Neira of Purdue University presented the Quantum Optimisation Working Group's "Intractable Decathlon," a benchmarking initiative.

The Intractable Decathlon influenced three of the eight QDC coding assignments, showing its influence:

One of the ten issue classes in the intractable decathlon is the Market Split Problem, which involves a resource allocation assignment that quickly becomes computationally intractable.

The Maximum Independent collection Problem: Find the largest collection of vertices in a network with no edges linking any two vertices. Contest winners will contribute to the open-source Quantum Optimisation Benchmarking Library (QOBLIB).

A key option for near-term quantum advantage demonstrations is Quantum Approximate Multi-Objective Optimisation (QAMOO), based on recent Nature Computational Science research by the Quantum Optimisation Working Group.

Diverse Innovation in Exhibition Hall

The QDC Exhibit Hall, with dozens of lightning presentations and a large poster showcase, represented the quantum community. During Lightning Talks, BlueQubit, Q-CTRL, KPMG, Algorithmiq, and MathWorks developers and executives presented briefly.

The poster exhibit featured over 40 posters from academic and industrial researchers, including RIKEN, the Cleveland Clinic, the University of Chicago, and Jülich Supercomputing Centre. The study examined advances in quantum error prevention, circuit optimisation, simulation, optimisation, and quantum machine learning applications.

2+1D Electrodynamics A quantum computer can simulate (2+1)D electrodynamics to detect phase transitions in dense quantum systems.

In the first proof-of-principle quantum simulation of (2+1)D Quantum Electrodynamics QED, researchers exploited multiple fundamental particles at a finite density. Researchers from the Cyprus Institute and the University of Bonn took a major step towards duplicating genuine, dense quantum systems, which are difficult to analyse with classical computers. The researchers uncovered important phase transitions by directly integrating basic physical rules into their quantum processor, allowing them to study matter's behaviour in extreme environments like many astrophysical settings.

Modelling gauge theories like Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), which characterises the strong force, especially in finite density regimes, is a major theoretical physics difficulty. Traditional methods have provided useful insights, but they cannot manage certain situations. One intriguing alternative is quantum computing. The study examined Quantum Electrodynamics in (2+1)D (QED3), a simpler yet physically rich model that shares traits with QCD, including confinement.

A New Quantum Approach

The researchers created a sophisticated protocol using a Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE), which works well with noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Gauss's law, a fundamental electromagnetic notion, is reinforced throughout their approach via a quantum circuit. The group guaranteed the simulation's physical accuracy while reducing computational complexity by inserting this restriction directly into the circuit. The paper states, “The method employs an efficient gauge-invariant ansatz together with a quantum circuit structure that enforces Gauss’s law.” Creative design was vital to studying the complicated interactions in a (2+1)D lattice structure with two fermion “flavours.” The settings were fine-tuned using classical simulations before deploying the quantum circuit for “inference runs” on IBM quantum hardware. This hybrid quantum-classical arrangement allowed the scientists to benchmark their state-preparation procedure on a compact, controllable lattice system.

Recognising Phase Changes

Phase transitions in the system were a major result of the simulation. Researchers saw particle counts vary for the two fermion flavours by changing the chemical potential. Three stages were identified by particle number differences. The researchers said, “The emergence of phase transitions is clearly visible,” which matches lower-dimensional model results. Since (2+1)D did not predict these important spots, the researchers used experimental data to calculate their positions. The method's viability was proved by quantum hardware runs that matched exact classical computations. The researchers acknowledged that hardware noise and constrained circuit depth produced significant mistakes, notably in energy measurements, but the results effectively captured the phase transition signatures. By studying their observations' noise sensitivity, the researchers found that particle number operators are more resistant to hardware faults than the Hamiltonian (energy) operator, explaining their phase transition data's high quality.

Setting the Stage for Research

An Introduction to QCD

Quantum chromodynamics describes strong quark-gluon interactions. Strong force holding atomic nuclei together is commonly described by this idea. Because QCD affects matter at extreme conditions including high temperatures, enormous external electromagnetic fields, and huge baryon chemical potentials, understanding it is vital. Models of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collision quark-gluon-plasma and compact astronomical phenomena like magnetars and neutron stars require these extreme regimes.

The Non-Perturbative QCD Challenge

It is computationally difficult to study QCD theoretically under these harsh, non-perturbative circumstances. When studying heavily connected systems, established methods often fail. The “infamous sign problem” in lattice QCD computations severely limits their use with finite baryon chemical potentials.

Researchers have utilised many theories to overcome these obstacles, including holographic QCD. This powerful framework exploits the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) duality between gravity theories in higher dimensions and quantum field theory in lower dimensions. This duality can translate the complex, highly coupled QCD problem into a higher-dimensional classical gravitational problem, explaining confinement and chiral symmetry breaking mathematically.

Quantum Research: Domain Wall Skyrmions Are Stable

Researchers studied new topological structures in this holographic framework in a notable way. Suat Dengiz, İzzet Sakallı, and colleagues investigated the generation of stable domain wall skyrmions in the Sakai-Sugimoto holographic QCD model. The Sakai-Sugimoto model, a top-down string theory-based holographic QCD, includes spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and a realistic spectrum of mesons and baryons.

We extend previous theoretical investigations of chiral soliton lattices (CSLs) in strong magnetic fields. Domain walls divide topologically distinct regions. Research shows how domain wall skyrmions form on CSL-created domain walls as undissolved configurations inside a bigger structure.

Domain Wall Skyrmions' Nature

Topological solitons with domain wall skyrmions are intriguing. These topologically stable matter configurations have quantised baryon numbers. These designs examined a remarkable baryon number of two.

Baryonic states like these skyrmions show holographically as D4-branes wrapped around an internal four-sphere in D8-branes flavour. Wrapped D4-branes are instanton configurations in the five-dimensional gauge theory on flavour branes.

The domain wall skyrmions phase and pure CSL phase instanton density profiles differ clearly. During CSL, charge is equally distributed and expanded. Abrupt, highly localised instanton density peaks identify domain wall skyrmions as separate, undissolved D4-brane objects buried in the holographic bulk. Bound states from individual nucleons are spatially connected with the modified chiral condensate in this localised charge concentration, creating a new baryonic organisation.

Phase Diagra and Energy Stability

Methodically examined how external influences like the baryon chemical potential and magnetic field strength affect these setups' endurance. The baryon chemical potential changes the vacuum structure and reveals neutron star interiors.

A detailed energy analysis showed that domain wall skyrmions become energetically stable when the baryon chemical potential exceeds a certain amount. This change meets the crucial criterion.

Their holographic structure transforms, according to quantitative data. This means that discrete topological charge concentration is more energy-efficient than continuous modulation techniques for high baryon densities in severe magnetic fields.

A complete phase map was produced after the meticulous investigation, showing three zones based on configuration rivalry:

The Chiral Soliton Lattice (CSL) Phase occurs at low chemical potential and magnetic field.

At intermediate scales, energy circumstances favour localised topological structures, resulting in the Domain Wall Skyrmions Phase.

Localised baryons should create regular crystalline lattice patterns at high concentrations in the conjectured skyrmion crystal phase. Also read Quantum Local Area Networks For Practical Quantum Advantage.

Impact on Dense Matter Physics

Quantum Leap: New Methods Simplify Basic Force Simulation

The Standard Model of particle physics relies on Non Abelian Gauge Theory to describe basic interactions like the strong and weak nuclear forces. These theories, which are based on complex symmetry groups like SU(2) and SU(3), are harder to understand than electromagnetism because their operations do not commute.

Researchers are making progress using quantum computers to mimic these complex theories. New quantum approaches save computing power and may disclose new facts about the universe's underlying interactions. This paper establishes a theoretical foundation for quantum field theory simulation on quantum computers by resolving the inadequacies of traditional simulations.

Understanding Non-Abelian Gauge Theory

Abelian gauge theories differ from non-Abelian gauge theory in that their symmetry group operations do not commute, hence transformation order matters and leads to more complex mathematical relationships. These theories involve various gauge bosons, or force carriers, interacting. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), a non-Abelian gauge theory based on the SU(3) group, mediates the strong force with eight gluon fields.

W and Z bosons mediate the weak nuclear force in electroweak theory in the Standard Model. These theories are based on a main G-bundle, where a Lie group G (the gauge group) is linked to a manifold M at every point. These groups are non-commutative, requiring complex computations that exceed normal computing methods.

The Computer Challenge

Complex non-Abelian gauge theories make computing difficult. Simulation has been difficult due to these theories' non-linear partial differential equations and gauge fields' self-interaction. This complexity makes perturbative procedures difficult since even fundamental processes may need several computation words.

Researchers are utilising quantum computing to overcome “previously intractable problems,” executing complex computations tenfold faster than ordinary computers. Lattice Gauge Theory, a discretised spacetime lattice, is essential for quantum computing.

Quantum Simulation Breakthroughs

Recently developed quantum techniques make non-Abelian gauge theories easier to mimic for current and future quantum technology.

One invention is hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that break down the Hamiltonian, the mathematical representation of a system's energy, to simplify computing. Contraction trees and gluon field digitisation are necessary for describing complex interactions.

Researchers also developed a resource-efficient approach using loop variables and electric fields on periodic lattices. This method uses Gauss's formula to maintain just gauge-independent components, decreasing truncation errors and allowing calculations at any lattice spacing and bare coupling for a wider range of interaction strengths. This approach preserves gauge symmetry during truncation and opens regimes that tensor-network calculations, quantum link models, and simulators could not access.

A new dualisation and encoding approach compresses gauge field data. With this discovery, redundant degrees of freedom are located and deleted, lowering the number of variables needed to describe the system without losing accuracy. The ground-state energy of pure SU(2) lattice gauge theory can be computed with 1% accuracy using 64 states instead of 2744 states with this innovative interpolating basis.

These methods calculate crucial parameters including the ground state and plaquette operator average with percent-level precision, enabling more exact predictions over a range of interaction intensities with finite quantum resources. This breakthrough allows continuum-limit calculations, which are needed for accurate quantum technology physical predictions, to be proven directly. Future study will use variational quantum circuits with qudit topologies to optimise the quantum state and computational base on Rydberg atoms or trapped ions.

Implications for Physics

These advances are crucial to understanding the strong force driving atomic nuclei interactions. Quantum computing makes Yang-Mills theory simulation more feasible, which helps tackle long-standing problems like the mass gap. The precise simulation of these fundamental forces may reveal fresh insights into the Standard Model and the universe. Quantum computing extends beyond theoretical physics to solve insoluble problems in finance, encryption, AI, and material science.

The Future of Quantum Simulation

Quantum Simulator

A multinational team of researchers reported the first direct detection of “string breaking” in a programmable two-dimensional quantum simulator, advancing fundamental physics. This landmark Nature article from June 4, 2025, pushes computer power limits and opens new avenues for high-energy physics research.

QuEra Computing, Harvard University, and the University of Innsbruck scientists demonstrated real-time gauge-theory dynamics that were previously thought impossible.

Deciphering String Breaking

String breaking is fundamental to lattice gauge theories (LGTs), which explain many particle and condensed matter physics events. Well-known examples include contention, which keeps quarks like protons and neutrons inside hadrons. The “string” of gluon fields connecting a quark and an antiquark stores energy that grows linearly with their separation. When this energy generates new quark-antiquark pairs from the vacuum, the original string will “snap” or “break”.

The extreme conditions needed to empirically see this phenomenon in nature make it difficult. This new study gives a tabletop analogue of this basic component of the strong nuclear force, providing a new insight.

Simulating Strong Force using Atoms

Researchers used QuEra's Aquila neutral-atom platform to assemble several dozen rubidium atoms in a Kagome-shaped optical-tweezer lattice. This configuration is crucial because it closely mimics the strong nuclear force mathematical model and naturally provides a constraining lattice-gauge theory.

This simulation heavily uses Rydberg obstruction. Rydberg atoms "block" each other, thus only one can be excited at a time due to van der Waals interactions. This action naturally produces a linear confinement potential and a local U(1) symmetry for two synthetic charges, allowing researchers to precisely tune their string tension and masses.

Considered the lowest circumstances needed to identify this event. Profited from neutral atom simulator experimental control advances, noted Peter Zoller teammate Torsten Zache.

Experimental Prowess: Equilibrium to Dynamics

They performed several complex checks to see if the string broke:

Equilibrium: Flaws were evident when the atom array's ground state was prepared adiabatically. Because of this, they could distinguish restricted phase zones with broken string configurations from those dominated by fluctuating strings. The probability of broken and unbroken string states were compared to global detuning and Rydberg blockade radius.

Dynamic Quenches: Local control lets them “quench” string states from atomic detuning to study string breaking dynamics in real time. These nanosecond dynamics showed a fascinating many-body resonance phenomenon. The strings broke and reformed due to local detuning “kicks,” revealing resonance peaks that suggest many-body tunnelling. Different string configurations were quenched to various local detuning values and monitored for time-evolved probability.

It expands on past one-dimensional demonstrations to two spatial dimensions, which is fast saturated for theoretical and numerical approaches.

Why This Matters: Physics' Quantum Leap

This firsthand finding of string breaking in a 2D quantum simulator affects many scientific fields:

The ability to model real-time gauge-theory dynamics with dozens of qubits supports quantum technology as a powerful discovery tool by pushing classical simulations to their limits. First author Dr. Daniel González-Cuadra, an assistant professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics (IFT) in Madrid, said observing string breaking in a controlled 2D environment is vital to exploring high-energy physics utilising quantum simulations. It shows how neutral-atom devices can solve theoretical problems.

Bridge to Particle Physics: Quark confinement breaks strings in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The fresh insights these tabletop experiments provide into the fundamental forces regulating the universe may help future lattice-QCD and collider research.

Scalable Neutral-Atom Platform: Controlled gauge-theory dynamics in two spatial dimensions utilising dozens of qubits show the adaptability and scalability of neutral-atom arrays like Aquila. This piece shows their ability to handle more complex many-body situations. “This collaboration highlights the importance of open, programmable neutral-atom hardware for fundamental research,” said QuEra VP of Quantum Computing Services Alexei Bylinskii, a key author. Researchers can use Aquila's multi-qubit capabilities to accelerate quantum-information science, high-energy, and condensed-matter discoveries.

Foundation for Future Discoveries: Professor Peter Zoller, a senior author and quantum simulator pioneer, stressed the relevance of two-dimensionality, “Gauge theories govern much of modern physics.” This prepared for future discoveries. It lays the groundwork for investigating non-abelian gauge fields and topological matter in two dimensions with strings that bend.