#p-value

When working on your stats assignment, you’ve probably encountered situations where you’re asked to decide whether a result is significant. Maybe you ran a t-test and got a p-value of 0.03. That’s significant at the 0.05 level—but does that really tell you how big the result is?

This is where effect sizes come in. They go beyond a simple “yes or no” answer from statistical significance and give you a way to interpret results. Understanding effect sizes can not only improve your stats thinking but also make your stats homework more informative and precise.

In this article, we’ll break down effect sizes in a way that makes sense, using real-life examples. So, next time you think, “Can someone help me for statistics homework on effect sizes?”—you’ll already have the answers!

Why Effect Size Matters More Than Just Statistical Significance in Your Stats Homework

A common misconception among students is that a statistically significant result always means a big or important result. That’s just not true.

Here’s an example:

Suppose you compare the test scores of two groups of students and find that Group A scores higher than Group B, with a p-value of 0.049. Significant? Yes.

But what if the actual difference between the means of the two groups is just 0.5 points on a 100-point test? Meaningful? Not really.

Effect size tells us how big or important this difference is, not just whether it exists. This makes your stats assignments more nuanced and complete.

Types of Effect Sizes and When to Use Them in Your Stats Assignments

Depending on the type of analysis you’re doing, there are different measures of effect size you can use. Let’s go through the most common ones you’ll encounter.

1. Cohen’s d: How Much of a Difference Between Two Groups?

If you’re working with t-tests (comparing two groups), Cohen’s d is your go-to effect size measure. It tells you how far apart the two group means are in terms of standard deviations.

Formula for Cohen’s d:

d = (Mean of Group 1−Mean of Group 2)/Pooled Standard Deviation

Example:

You’re comparing the test scores of two different teaching methods:

Old Method: Mean = 75, SD = 10

New Method: Mean = 80, SD = 10

d=80−75/10=0.5

According to rules of thumb:

0.2 = Small

0.5 = Medium

0.8+ = Large

So, here we have a medium effect size, so the new method has some impact.

2. Pearson’s r: How Strong is the Relationship Between Variables

When you’re doing correlation analysis, Pearson’s r measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Example:

If you analyze the relationship between study hours and exam scores and find r = 0.6, that means there’s a moderate to strong positive correlation—more study hours means higher scores.

But if r = 0.1, even though it’s statistically significant, the effect size is so small that studying more won’t make much of a difference.

3. R² (Coefficient of Determination): How Well Does Your Model Explain Variance

In regression analysis, R² tells you how much of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable(s).

Example:

If you build a model predicting final exam scores based on attendance rate, and R² = 0.85, that means 85% of the variance in exam scores is explained by attendance—very strong!

If R² = 0.20, only 20% of the variance is explained, so there’s other factors to consider.

How Knowing Effect Size Helps You Score Higher on Statistics Assignments

You might be wondering—how does knowing effect sizes actually help me on my statistics assignments?

1. Helps You Interpret Results Better

Just reporting a p-value without an effect size is incomplete. Professors love when you go the extra mile to explain how big a result is, not just whether it’s statistically significant.

2. Avoids Misleading Conclusions

If you only focus on statistical significance, you might misconstrue a result. A tiny but statistically significant effect doesn’t mean it’s important in practice.

3. Strengthens Your Research and Data Analysis Skills

Effect sizes are used in real research, psychology, medicine, economics. Master them now and you’ll be ahead when dealing with real data in your future career.

Hands-On Example: Let’s Apply Effect Size to a Simple Statistics Homework

Problem: Comparing Two Study Methods

Suppose you do a study comparing two study techniques:

Your t-test gives a p-value = 0.04, so the difference is statistically significant. But let’s calculate the effect size (Cohen’s d):

d = (82−78)/{(12+10)/2}=411≈0.36

A d of 0.36 means small to moderate effect size. While the result is statistically significant, the actual effect of study methods isn’t big.

This extra layer of explanation will impress your professor and help you shine in your statistics homework!

Conclusion: Next Time You Think “Help Me for Statistics Homework,” Remember Effect Sizes

true for more than just PHDs.

In statistics, the p-value is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct. The p-value is used as an alternative to rejection points of significance at which the null hypothesis would be rejected. A smaller p-value means that there is stronger evidence in favor of the alternative…

Modeling with statistics class(Online-Week#14) at Yokohama National University

The important concept you should know when you deal with data

  Today was the last week of the semester. In the class, I talked about “Population vs Sample”.

  As it is a “big” topic, which requires hours to explain, I simply touched upon the basic concept of the statistical tests.

  The class was conducted via Zoom, which I recorded as follows:

[youtube=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNHIEKgrY6…