#ndvi

Soil moisture, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature influence water energy balance, eco-hydrological processes, and water resources management. This research focused on the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture, vegetation cover, land surface temperature, and Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) in Tabunio watershed. In this research, soil moisture and vegetation cover data were recorded and statistically evaluated from 2005 until 2020 using remote sensing data. Soil moisture, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature were significantly different over the research period. Increased vegetation cover had an inverse influence on land surface temperature and TVDI while directly affecting soil moisture. TVDI averages were 0 – 0.83. Decreased soil dryness in the period 2022 can increase water availability by controlling water resources. Proper watershed management can improve soil moisture and water availability. Vegetation cover protection and biological activities can be used to restore the watersheds. The approach combination of LST and NDVI to calculate TVDI is able to estimate the soil moisture as its estimation is extremely important for the evaluation of the overall ecological setting as well as the monitoring of the moisture content of wetland environments.

This study examines the temporal analysis change in agricultural activities of Gujranwala, Pakistan. Global warming is expected to have an intense effect on earth’s environment and vegetation overwhelm the distribution and abundance of food. Past researches explains the ability of different crops to cope up according to the magnitude of temperature change and their phenology. Pakistan is located in tropical region majorly, wheat crop is extensively produced and generates a lot of income for farmers. This research evaluates the increase of wheat crop in Gujranwala from 2008 to 2018 for the month of November. For this purpose vegetation cover or agricultural activities were monitored for said period by using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). LANDSAT 8 (30m per pixel) for both years were taken for analysis and to thematically map results. This research considers three parameters which includes Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) of Gujranwala in relation with Normalized difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In addition, assimilation of surface soil moisture was another focus part of this study in order to create water demand estimation for agriculture.