#morphometric

The present panel of work was conducted to investigate intra-specific genetic variability among Snake bean landraces. Genetic variation is considered as a basic feature to plants breeding and makes it viable to choose plants with appropriate traits. The methods to study genetic variation are morphological traits and SDS-PAGE. For this purpose, seeds of 40 landraces were collected. The morphometric parameters include both qualitative and quantitative traits. In 4 qualitative parameters significant level of variation was observed in seed shape, seed color and pod pigmentation except legume colour. For 11 quantitative traits descriptive statistics analysis done in which 100 seed weight show maximum coefficient of variance CV (0.37%) followed by pod length (0.32%), While minimum coefficient of variance showed by internode length (0.10%) followed by plant height 0.16% and seed length (0.18%). In comparative correlation, the plant height show highly positive correlation with plant biomass (.705**), seed per pod (.464**) and pod length (.362*), while highly negative correlation obtained with leaf length (-.335*).The protein profile of 40 snake bean landraces tested through SDS-PAGE shown 15 reproducible bands. High level of variation was observed in band B14 (0.93%), followed by B11 (0.80%), B15 (0.78%) B12 (0.75%), B13 (0.75%), B1 (0.65%), B5 (0.50%) and B8 (0.50%). Similarly low level of variation was noted in B3 (0.15%) followed by B4 (0.33%), B10 (0.38%), B6 (0.40%), B2 (0.45%), B7 (0.48%) and B9 (0.50%). The entire bands show polymorphism. All the traits show outmost level of divergence which is advantageous for further improvement of best variety.

The genetic variation in three species of the freshwater cyprinid Garra was studied using the traditional morphometric, meristic and Restriction fragment length polymorphism as molecular tool analysis. Samples were collected from their respective geographic locations of southern Western Ghats. Based on the 46 morphometric and 18 meristic characters employed during this study 23 characters showed variation among the three species and hence were utilized for the PCA ordination. The principal component analysis was performed using 15 morphometric and 8 meristic characters of which 12 components were extracted and the first three axes showed eigenvalues >1 and they explained the variance about 81.46 % of the total variance. The genome size of the species Garra mullya ranged from 3.8-6.15 µg/mg, Garra kalakadensis ranged from 3.25- 6.3 µg/mg and Garra gotyla stenorhynchus ranged from 3.9- 6.15 µg/mg. Based on the electrophorogram, different bands of fragments in each lane and band volume were analyzed, According to Hind III enzyme the electrophorogram analysis showed maximum fragment length polymorphism in Garra mullya which had four fragments and the total volume of bands was 12.582 nmoles. Based on the Eco R1 enzyme digestion the electrophorogram analysis revealed that the maximum fragment length polymorphism in Garra mullya composed of four fragments and the total volume of bands in the entire lane was 10.5965 nmoles. Based on the Hind III and Eco R1 restriction enzymes, the cluster analysis clearly showed that the Garra mullya and Garra kalakadensis grouped together while Garra gotyla stenorhynchus with distinct genetic distance did not cluster with the other two species. Garra gotyla stenorhynchus can also be distinguished morphologically from Garra mullya and Garra kalakadensis.