Recently, the DNA of the bacterium was recovered from a calcified lung nodule of a mummified Swedish bishop who died in the seventeenth century. The refined molecular clock analysis now estimates that all lineages in the M. tuberculosis complex shared an ancestor about 3,258 years ago (within a range of likelihood that extends from 2,190 to 4,501 years ago). It is not impossible, of course, that more evidence could emerge to alter the story, and the earlier skeletal evidence for TB in human (and animal) populations remains a sticky problem. But we have to reckon with the reality that TB as we know it is a product of the late Holocene, a relatively young pathogen that emerged in the context of civilization.
"Plagues Upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History" - Kyle Harper
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Radiometric dating can pinpoint the age of a fossilized common ancestor of different species, but most organisms donât leave fossils. So how can scientists estimate how long ago two species diverged without a clear, fossil-dated common ancestor? They build a clock.
The molecular clock is a technique used for estimating divergence based on the idea that the genes in a population mutate at a consistent rate, like the ticking of a clock. Thus, the genetic difference between two species is proportional to how long ago they diverged.
Like a regular clock, a molecular clock requires calibration. This involves selecting a fossil that represents an evolutionary branch point, like the known ancestor of both dog-like and cat-like carnivores (Dormaalocyon latouri). The age of the fossil combined with modern genetic data can estimate how many mutations accumulate per million years. This rate can be used to estimate how long ago other species diverged even if they lack a clear fossil record, such as walruses and bears (both caniforms that split a few million years after Dormaalocyon latouri left the scene).
However there are issues with this method, namely that it makes numerous assumptions. For one, mutation rates are not the same in all species. As a result, the farther an organism is from the calibration point the less accurate the estimation will beâthough sometimes even closely related species have wildly different mutation rates. This also applies to individual genes. Critical genes typically accumulate mutations at a much lower rate than other genes as mutations in critical genes are more likely to negatively affect survival. Still, the molecular clock remains an important biological tool and will continue to improve as data and techniques progress.
Molecular clock estimates place the origins of P. vivax between 70,000 and 250,000 years ago. As humans dispersed out of Africa in the late Pleistocene, they carried malaria with them in their blood.
"Plagues Upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History" - Kyle Harper
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This dating method is not as popular as it includes determining a timeline of history comparing regional differences in DNA. The origin theories of would claim at one time they had the same genome then genetically drifted over time seen so the method essentially âcounts backwardsâ.Â
One experiment concluded Aboriginal Australians have were around for fifty thousand years (conducted by using aboriginal DNA to compare it to the DNA of the indigenous of New Ginae).
The rate of genetic change seems way to long probably because the dating method is used under the bias assumption that confide with the timeline scale of evolution origins (until it doesn't work such as this case). Turns out when calibrated to an experiment derived rate of change (or non origin evolution) of living organisms of the present the number makes sense. So when using a method that assumes evolutionary origins it disagrees with evolution despite the scale being calibrated by it.
As mentioned before when the scale is calibrated with scientifically tested rates of change or test evolution it aligns with a biblical timeline of about five thousand to ten thousand years. I am only putting the âultimate origins of evolutionâ and âtimeâ under a microscope. I obviously know we have the ability to adapt and evolve progressing by generation to generation.Â
I only dispute the origin theory of evolution not the rest that has been seen in laboratory (and every day settings). For natural and artificial selection has been know since there have been shepherds. A shepherd wants furrier sheep so they breed the furriest sheep. A cold winter could do the same trick by removing all the non furry sheep.Â
Source for the experiment (unable to archive).
Archive source for biblical timeline:Â https://archive.li/ChpPk
Archive source for image (and more like it):Â https://archive.fo/Z6nOy
Scientists Have Discovered "Clocks" Inside Your Cells That Could Determine When You Get Cancer
Scientists Have Discovered âClocksâ Inside Your Cells That Could Determine When You Get Cancer
External factors like the Sun and smoking can harm your DNA by causing mutations, a process thatoccurs in spurts and bursts. But this process isnât limited to environmental triggers: As cells grow and divide, internal factors also cause the cell to continuously generate mutations at a constant rate. These steady mutations, which occur in a clock-like way, correlate to a persons age: The older youâŚ
