#leifeng

Santa Cruz and Hangzhou

In this week’s post, we hear again from Ollie Guest of ChineseMusings.com. Thank you, Ollie, for a fascinating overview of a legendary figure in Chinese culture - Mandarin phrases included at the end.

Lei Feng is one of the most enduring figures in modern Chinese culture.

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has repeatedly held him up as a model citizen. China celebrates a day in his honor every March 5th. And the CCP has submitted an application for him to be given UNESCO intangible cultural heritage status.

But he’s not real.

This post will try to resolve that paradox. It will look at how Lei Feng is commonly represented – and then what we actually know about him.

More importantly, it will show how and why Lei Feng has become such a big part of Chinese culture.

Enjoy!

Lin Biao’s Lei Feng

The story of Lei Feng was first introduced to ordinary Chinese in a 1963 speech by Lin Biao, Mao’s top deputy.

In Lin Biao’s narrative, Lei Feng was born in 1940. He grew up an orphan as his father was killed by Japanese imperialists and his mother was driven to suicide by a landlord.

Despite Lei Feng’s suffering, he served his country. He joined the Communist Youth Corps as a child then the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) as an adult.

During his time in the PLA, Lei Feng wrote a diary. It was 200,000 words long and was full of praise for Mao and the Communist Party. One of the things that Lei Feng wrote was that he wanted to be a “rust-proof screw of the revolution”. This was in response to Mao saying that China was like a revolutionary machine, where each citizen was a screw. The diary tells us that Lei Feng ensured he never rusted by:

Reading books of Mao’s sayings.

Working hard on collective farms.

Giving much of his money to good causes.

Tragically, Lei Feng was crushed by a falling telephone pole whilst working in the PLA. He died aged just 21.

Lei Feng first being used as propaganda

Lin Biao wanted the Chinese to follow Lei Feng’s good example of serving party and country.

So his 1963 speech about Lei Feng was not a one off event. It was the start of a massive 向雷锋同志学习 “Learn from Lei Feng” campaign.

Lei Feng’s diary, and pictures of the hero, were released to the public.

There were also posters of Lei Feng everywhere. One writer later said that this propaganda was on “every public surface from latrine walls to the gateway of the central government compound in Beijing.”

There was even a Lei Feng museum – where people could see the pole that had killed this revolutionary hero.

  Reality check

What’s bizarre about this personality cult, is that it was to a figure who didn’t really exist.

Sure, there probably was a soldier called Lei Feng. And he may well have been an orphan who died young.

Yet the person presented in the campaign is a fabrication.

Lei Feng was not a well-known figure during his life. So it’s bizarre that there are so many expertly-taken photographs recording his good deeds. Especially when photography would have been much rarer then than now.

One photograph – of him in bed reading Mao’s works by flashlight – is particularly suspicious. The flashlight is clearly off and the room is fully illuminated. And as a Shanghai designer pointed out, “there just happened to be a photojournalist passing by to capture the moment”.

A 200 thousand word diary in very good Chinese is also an incredible achievement for someone with only a basic education.

And Lei Feng gave more money to charity than he would have earned from his PLA salary.

So, it’s generally accepted in the West that both the photographs and the diary were fabricated after Lei Feng’s death. The entire idea of a Lei Feng who could be idolized was created by Lin Biao and the propagandists working for him.

Lei Feng’s purpose in Maoist China

If the idea of Lei Feng was made up by Lin Biao, then it must have served a purpose.

To me it seems that this purpose was to strengthen China’s leadership.

Lei Feng’s story made the Communist Party look good. He was an orphaned child because of two of the things which the CCP hated – foreign imperialism and landlords. So Lei Feng’s story showed that the CCP was right to hate these things – because they had led to his suffering as a child. Lei Feng also made the CCP look good because it was this group which helped him to live happily. In his diary he wrote “The party has rescued me from the depths of misery and enabled me to lead such a comfortable life.”

The party needed to improve its image during the 1960s because it had lost a huge amount of credibility in the “Great Leap Forward”. This was Mao’s 1959-1961 attempt to industrialize China – which had led to 30 million deaths from famine.

So Lei Feng convinced people in the ideology of communism in China – at a time when they might otherwise have been against communism.

Lei Feng’s changing image

Since that initial (successful) campaign, Lei Feng has repeatedly been shown to the Chinese people as a role model. However he’s often been shown as a role-model for different things. Look at the posters below for an example.

The poster on the left is from the 1960s. It shows Lei Feng studying communism and telling people to do the same.

The middle poster is from the 1980s, when Chinese was becoming a market-socialist economy. It’s promoting a more affluent lifestyle, for example there’s a TV. But Lei Feng is still there on the cover of the book to offer moral guidance.

Then, in the 1990s, Lei Feng came to represent technological achievement. The picture on the far right has monorails, satellites and even a rocket.

Essentially then, he was used to convey a sense of Chinese patriotism and optimism – regardless of China’s policies at the time.

A cynic might also argue that he was used to give legitimacy to the government’s actions. Everyone knew that Lei Feng was a “good role-model” – so assumed that things with his name on must be good too. This is why he’s been associated with some pretty contradictory view points as China’s policies have changed. For example, first supporting communism, then supporting market-socialism.

Lei Feng today

There haven’t been any Lei Feng propaganda posters for a while. But even now the CCP officially acknowledges Lei Feng as a good role model because of his hard work and his devotion.

However they’re not the only ones to reference him: There are several modern brands and products based around Lei Feng.

My favorite is a video game where you play as Lei Feng. You do menial tasks such as repairing socks and each time you go up a level, Lei Feng’s clothes become more average. The game ends with Lei Feng meeting Chairman Mao and getting his autograph.

There’s also a popular song 东北人都是活雷锋 – “North-Easterners are living Lei Fengs”. You can watch it on YouTube

Final thoughts

It’s pretty clear that the Lei Feng who really lived was nothing like the Lei Feng who’s idolized in China. From the very first “Learn from Lei Feng” campaign, Lei Feng was only really a name to whom a list of characteristics could be attributed. Even that list of attributes has subsequently changed. As you saw above, Lei Feng has represented many different things in China’s modern history.

However Lei Feng as an idol is important even so.

He’s a piece of propaganda – whose changes neatly reflect the changes in Modern China. He’s a part of the Chinese language – there are several phrases (including some below) that use his name. But most importantly, he’s a key piece of Chinese culture – and one that’s worth understanding if you want an insight into Modern China.

  Lei Feng - Sayings & Phrases

学习雷锋好榜样 / Xuéxí Léi Fēng hǎo bǎngyàng – “Study Lei Feng’s good example.”

向雷锋同志学习 / Xiàng Léi Fēng tóngzhì xuéxí – “Learn from Comrade Lei Feng.”

雷锋人 / Léi Fēng rén – a “Lei Feng person”; someone who is selfless like Lei Feng

雷锋精神 / Léi Fēng jīng shén – Lei Feng spirit; the attitude of being selfless like Lei Feng

学雷锋日 / xué Léi Fēng rì – “Study Lei Feng Day”

Sources / Further Reading

University of Orleans 

New York Times 

China Daily (here and here)