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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a revolutionary method developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s. PCR is based on using the ability of DNA polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. Because DNA polymerase can add a nucleotide only onto a preexisting 3'-OH group, it needs a primer to which it can add the first nucleotide. This requirement makes it possible to delineate a specific region of template sequence that the researcher wants to amplify. At the end of the PCR reaction, the specific sequence will be accumulated in billions of copies (amplicons)

Human physiology provides an example of how multicellular organisms depend on a circulatory system to distribute metabolites between specialized tissues and organs. Gas exchange in the lungs provides the oxygen required for aerobic metabolism and at the same time discharges the waste gas carbon dioxide. Signal transduction pathways coordinate cellular responses within tissues.

In the laboratory and also in daily life, you are handling many chemicals. Unfortunately, many of you do not know which type of chemical you are dealing with. For this purpose, many companies also paste the safety symbols on the product for showing the type of chemical. Many people find these symbols or label weird. They do not know what exactly these symbols or labels mean. First of all, safety symbols, hazard symbols, or safety labels are meaningful and recognizable graphical symbols that warn of or identify hazards associated with the item. And through this post, we are trying to show the pictogram and basic meaning of these safety symbols.

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐂𝐑 Kary Mullis invented PCR while working as a scientist for the Cetus Corporation. He conceived the idea while cruising in a Honda Civic on Highway 128 from San Francisco to Mendocino in April 1983. Mullis recalls seeing a polymerase chain reaction as clear as if it were up on a blackboard in his head, in lurid pink and blue images. He pulled over and started scribbling. One basic ingredient of PCR is that it amplifies DNA by constant repetition—rather like the computer programs Mullis was then involved in writing. Kary Mullis was given a $10,000 bonus by Cetus, who at first failed to realize the significance of the discovery. Later, they sold the technology to Roche for $300,000,000.