#kspacegrammar

» -지요? «

― This sentence-final verb ending attaches to the verb base, and is used when the speaker wants to seek the listener's agreement or wants to ascertain what the listener means.

Examples:

날씨가 덥지요?

= It's hot, isn't it?

선생님이 좋지요?

☞ Aㅡ(으)ㄴ 가요? // Vㅡ나요?

Focus: These particles are used to gently and politely ask somebody a question, and correspond to "is/were there···?" // "is/was it···?" // "are/were you···?" // "Do/did you···?" in English.

1. For adjectives:

When ending in a consonant: ㅡ은가요?

When ending in a vowel: ㅡㄴ가요?

2. For verbs:

ㅡ나요? is added to the stem.

Examples:

한국 친구가 많은가요?

= Do you have a lot of Korean friends?

나를 사랑하나요?

= Do you love me?

Vocabs used:

한국 = Korea

친구 = Friend

많다 = A lot, Many, Much

나 = I, Me

사랑하다 = To love

The Particles

ㆍN도ㆍ

~It's used after subject and object nouns to express the listing of subjects and objects or the addition of a subject or object to one mentioned previously.

~It's like "too" or "also" in English.

EXAMPLES:

한국어를 배워요. 그리고 태권도도 배워요.

= I study Korean. And I also study Taekwondo.

비빔밥을 먹을 거예요. 그리고 된장찌개도 먹을거예요.

= I'll eat Bibimbap. And I'll eat Doenjang stew too.

Plus:

When 도 is added to a subject particle, the subject particle is omitted.

Same for the object particle, when 도 is added the object particle is omitted.

While, when 도 is added to particles other than subject and object particles, the other particle is NOT omitted.

The object particle

ㆍ을/를ㆍ

The object particle is added to a noun to express that the noun is the object of the sentence.

For nouns ending in a vowel, 를 is added;

For nouns ending in a consonant, 을 is added.

Common verbs that require 을/를:

먹다 (to eat)

마시다 (to drink)

좋아하다 (to like)

읽다 (to read)

보다 (to see)

만나다 (to meet)

사다 (to buy)

가르치다 (to teach)

배우다 (to learn)

쓰다 (to write)

In colloquial speech, 을/를 is sometimes omitted.

Example:

Q: 무엇을 배워요?

= What do you study?

A: 한국어를 배워요.

~It expresses the direction in which a behavior proceeds;

에 it's like "to" in English;

It's used manly with the verbs:

가다 = to go

오다 = to come

다니다 = to attend/commute

돌아가다 = to return

도착하다 = to arrive

올라가다 = to go up

내려가다 = to go down

~에 is also used with 있다 and 없다 to express the location, in this case it's like "in" or "on" in English.

Example:

소파 위에 강아지가 있어요

= the dog is on the sofa.

Another Example:

Q: 어디에 가요?

= Where are you going?

A: 학교에 가요.

= I'm going to school.

~에 is added to nouns that indicate time, so it expresses the time when something occurs;

It's like "at" or "on" in English.

~에 can combine to the particles 는 and 도 to form 에는 and 에도.

~에 can't be added to:

그제/그저께 = the day before yesterday

어제/어저께 = yesterday

오늘 = today

내일 = tomorrow

모레 = the day after tomorrow

언제 = when

Examples:

Q: 보통 몇 시에 자요?

= What time do you normally go to sleep?

A: 보통 밤 11시에 자요.

= I usually go to sleep at 11 PM.

Q: 주말에 시간이 있어요?

= Do you have time on the weekend?

A: 네, 주말에 시간이 있어요.

= Yes, I have time on the weekend.

It's used to express the progression or continuation of an action and it's the equivalent of "-ing" in English.

Formed by adding -고 있다 to the stems of verbs.

To express a continuation of an action that occurred sometime in the past, -고 있었다 is used.

In conversation:

Q: 지금 어디에서 살고 있어요?

= Where are you living now?

A: 서울에서 살고 있어요.

= I'm living in Seoul.

Q: 왜 아까 전화를 안 받았어요?

= Why didn't you answer the phone a while ago?

A: 샤워하고 있었어요.

ㆍN의ㆍ

This particle expresses the possessive relationship of the first noun being the possessor of the second noun.

It's like "of" or "noun's" in English.

In a sentence, 의 is positioned between the possessor and the possession.

When 의 is used as possession particle, It's more common to pronounce it as [E - 에].

+ It's often omitted in colloquial speech.

In the case of pronouns representing people, 의 combines with them, like:

나 : 나의 ➡ 내

저 : 저의 ➡ 제

너 : 너의 ➡ 네

Examples:

Q: 이것은 누구의 우산입니까?

= Whose umbrella is this?

A: 재준 씨의 우산입니다.

= It's Jaejun's umbrella.

Q: 이분은 누구예요?

= Who's this person?

A: 제이슨 씨의 어머니예요.

= She's Jason's mother.

Vocabulary used:

이(것) = This

누구 = Who

우산 = Umbrella

분 = Person

어머니 = Mother

ㆍN은/는ㆍ

1) It designates the topic or the target of a sentence or a group of sentences;

It means the same as "as for" or "regarding"

저는 한국 사람이입니다.

= I'm Korean.

2) It's also used to express "old" informations [something mentioned earlier or something already known by both side in the conversation].

저는 작년에 뉴욕에 갔었어요. 뉴욕은 정말 알음다워어요.

= I went to New York last year. New York was really beautiful.

3) It's used when comparing or contrasting two things [in this case it can be attached also to the object or other parts of the sentence].

저는 축구는 좋아해요. 그렇지만 야구는 좋아하지 않아요.

= I like soccer. However, I don't care for baseball.

For words ending in a vowel, 는 is added.