3.3.2020

So!! Still not feeling great about my grammatical analysis midterm! But hitting my head against my desk all night won’t help anything so my game plan for tomorrow...

yoga / workout clean the fish tank

American Novel class meeting

review phrasal verbs

review thematic roles of prepositions

review forms of imperatives

review types and functions of questions

review object complements

MIDTERM

3.2.2020

Grammatical analysis vs Logical analysis (ENG/ITA versions)

Idk if (and I honestly don’t think, but tell me if I’m wrong) you have to go through this even if you’re studying italian.. but anyway, here you have just an example of how many young italian students spend their summers:

Ex. La casa di Marco si trova su una collina. | Marco’s house is on a hill. Grammatical: La = articolo determinativo, femminile, singolare casa= nome comune di cosa, femminile, singolare di = preposizione semplice Marco = nome proprio di persona, maschile si trova = voce del verbo trovarsi, riflessivo del verbo “trovare”, 1^ coniugazione, modo indicativo, tempo presente, 3^ persona singolare su = preposizione semplice una = articolo indeterminativo, femminile, singolare collina = nome comune di cosa, femminile, singolare

La = determinative article, female, singular casa = common noun of thing, female, singular di = simple preposition Marco = name of person, male si trova = conjugated form of the verb trovarsi (to find oneself, to be), reflexive of trovare (to find), 1st conjugation, mood indicative, present tense, 3rd person singular su = simple preposition una = indefinite article, female, singular collina = common noun of thing, female, singular Logical:

La casa = soggetto di Marco = complemento di specificazione si trova = predicato verbale su una collina = complemento di stato in luogo

La casa = subject di Marco = c. of specification si trova = verb  su una collina = c. of place.

As deduced from my going-through of that small lexicon the other day.

Phonological Inventory

Consonants

<p> [p] : <t> [t] : <c>, <k> [k] 

<b> [b] : <d> [d] : <g> [ɡ]

<m> [m] : <n> [n]

<þ> [þ] : <s> [s] : <š> [ʃ] : <h>, <x> [x]

<ð> [ð] : <z> [z] : <ʒ> [ʒ]

<r> [r] : <rr> [rː]

<l> [l] : <ll> [lː]

Vowels

<i> [i] : <ī>, <î> [iː]

<e> [e] : <ē>, <ê> [eː]

<æ> : [æ]

<a> [a] : <ā>, <â> [aː]

<o> [o] : <ō>, <ô> [oː]

<u> [u] : <ū>, <û> [uː]

<ai> [ai] or [aɪ]

Grammatical Notes

Names of Valar receive the honorific suffix <-z>

If two nouns are compounded, the resulting compound is head-initial. If a noun and an adjectival element are compounded, the resulting compound is head-final.

The adjective <tulukhan> 'yellow, golden' when compounded loses its final <-an>. It is unknown whether or not this pattern continues for other compounded adjectives.

The element <ai> may or may not signify a participle.

Analyzed Lexicon

<ašata> 'head of hair'

<aþâra> 'appointed'

<châr> 'mound'

<ezellô> 'green'

<hôze> 'honey'

<igas> 'heat'

<mirub> 'wine'

<oššai>, <ošošai> 'spuming, foaming'

<phelûn> 'dwelling'

<tulukhan> 'yellow, golden'

Unanalyzed Lexicon (including names)

<Aʒûlêz> 'Aulë'

<Arômêz> 'Oromë'

<Ibrîniðilpathânezel> 'the White Tree of Valinor'

<Mâchananaškad> 'Ring of Doom'

<Næxærra> 'Nahar'

<Phanaikelûth> 'moon' (lit. 'bright mirror')

<Tulukhedelgorûs> 'Golden Tree of Valinor'

This is the Valarin name of the Vala Ulmo. 

[ulːuboːz]

This is the name of the other Tree of Valinor, the Gold one. 

[tulukxedelɡoruːs]

Though no gloss is given for this word, I can see that root. I seeee iiiit... It makes sense, anyway, to give the root <tulukhan> 'yellow' to a golden tree, especially when the same root was previously used to describe Tulkas' golden hair.

This is the original Valarin name of the Vala Tulkas. 

[tulukxastaːz]

Look upon this word, ye mighty, and despair, for WE HAVE A MORPHEMIC GLOSS.

Supposedly, this word literally means 'golden haired', but is specifically glossed as being composed of the morphemes <tulukha(n)> 'yellow' and <(a)šata> 'head of hair'. So literally, this is a yellow head of hair. This does the loveliness of further confirming the head-finality of compounded involving adjectival modifiers to nouns, but there's something else more interesting here as well. And I'm not talking about the lenition of <n> from <tulukhan> and initial <a> from <ašata>. That's pretty normal.

No, I'm talking about the sudden appearance of the final <z> once these two components are made into a name. It has no precedent in either root, yet it's there -- and what's more, it's familiar! Remember these guys?

Aʒûlêz : Aulë

Arômêz : Oromë

Look at those final <z>s. Mmmmmm. What's more, these are all names. So, is final <z> some kind of honorific? A nominalizer? A vocative?

But we have some other names for animates that don't get a final <z>.

Næxærra : Nahar

Ošošai : Ossë

Nahar is a horse, and there's a long tradition of treating perceived sentients differently from 'animals'. But Ossë is a Maia, and obviously sentient. There's no final <z> for em in either case. However, that doesn't mean we have to abandon our idea, because while Ossë is a Maia, Tulkas, Oromë, and Aulë are Valar.