#goalref

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Soccer Goal-Line Technology - How does it Work?

Goal-line technology is something where the human eyes fail but the technology wins.

How cool is that?

Yes, goal-line technology has been introduced by FIFA to determine instantly whether the ball has crossed the goal line or not.

The modern era of soccer is seeing a tremendous advancement in the player’s skills. Not only that, nowadays we are seeing smart training balls like Adidas miCoach. So it is an obvious necessity that the referees have the support from modern technology to make the decisions correctly.

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This is not any Stone Age era where they are allowed to give a wrong or controversial decision, where the technology is offering them a great bit of support.

Ok enough talking, let’s dive into the detail of the system.

How does it work?

Well, before talking about the technical detail, the first point you should know is that this system does not interrupt and pause the running match and wait for the fourth referee to decide by watching the replay.

Cool, right?

Here the referee gets the signal directly to his watch if it was a goal or not without pausing the match for a few seconds. How cool is that?

So, let’s dive into the technological analysis. Now we are going to describe the different methods or systems that are approved by FIFA, and IFAB, they are mostly based on cameras and magnetic field sensors.

Camera-Based

GoalControl, Hawk-Eye, and Goalminder are the three main camera-based systems, we should say approved systems that are in use to detect the goal.

GoalControl

This is a technology that was being introduced by Germany, where total 14 high-speed cameras are mounted around the stadium. 7 cameras pointing at each goal. Their main duty is to track the flight of the ball and determine if the ball has crossed the goal line or not.

Hawk-Eye

Hawk-eye is not anything very new. It has been in the game of cricket, tennis, and snooker for such a long period of time. Like the GoalControl system, the Hawk-eye also requires seven cameras at each goalmouth.

This time the network of high-speed video cameras track a ball position via triangulation and hence tracking the flight and position of the ball. So, knowing the ball position this system determines if the ball has crossed the goalline or not. If the ball passes the goalmouth the software alerts the referee’s watch by radio transmission technology.

This system was first tested in 2013-14 premier league session in the UK, and the result was quite satisfactory and accurate.

Magnetic Field Sensor Based

Here we are going to present you the two most common approved systems that use magnetic field sensors; Cairos GLT system, and GoalRef.

Carios GLT System

This system was introduced by Carios technology and Adidas. This time it is not the camera who decides the goal. Here there is a sensor that is placed inside the soccer ball, and cable is placed underground and around the goal. These thin wires produce a magnetic field, and with the help of the magnetic field and sensor the software calculates the ball position and determines if the ball has crossed the goal-line or not.

Goal Ref

This is almost similar to the Carios technology except in this case there is no involvement of sensors inside the ball. Instead of the sensor, in this case, an electric circuit is placed in the soccer ball. That means a passive electronic circuit is installed into the soccer ball between the leather outer layer and the inflatable whole.

An electromagnetic field is created underneath the goalmouth and when the ball passes the goalmouth with the circuit, the electromagnetic field changes. That means this is a signal of a goal and this signal is transmitted to the referee’s watch.

Don’t worry, the goalkeepers have no chance of falling in danger because of the created electromagnetic field. It is completely safe.

So far so good, right? How cool are the technologies that you just got to know?

How accurate and safe are these technologies?

Well, only those systems are implemented in a match that is approved by FIFA or IFAB. That means this is a fully safe system to implement.

In terms of the accuracy, we must say these are highly accurate. This system does not operate like a normal system, rather these also take into consideration the geographical area of the ground, weather, humidity, stadium design, lighting and some other variables. All these are just enough to make a correct decision and help the referee to make the game fair enough.

Before being accepted by FIFA, the system should meet the following requirements.

The system has to be very accurate, and indicate the goal very quickly (within a second).

It should apply only to the goal-line.

The service provider will have to prove the reliability and accuracy of the system both in the lab and on the field.

It has to work perfectly under different weather condition and in real life match as we stated earlier.

A provider gets the license only after fulfilling the above requirements.

Once the system is installed in the stadium, an independent test institute the system again and approves if everything works fine. Finally, the organizer approves the system.

So, you see how many layers it has to pass to get the final approval on the field. So there is no chance of misleading goal counting using this goal-line technology.

How long has it been in the game?

The system like Hawk-eye is not new for other games. The game like cricket, tennis is implementing this system for so long now. Overall the goal-line technology has been introduced in soccer in 2011 by FIFA, and after testing it was approved by IFAB in the year of 2012.

At first, FIFA used Hawk-Eye and GoalRef at the club world cup in 2012 that was held in Japan. After that GoalControl system was used for the Confederations Cup of 2013 as a test ahead of World Cup 2014.

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The Most Important Sports Technology Development from 2014

As massive as the 2014 FIFA World Cup was, 2014’s largest sports event also played host to the year’s most exciting technological introduction. And for once, soccer’s most important technological advancement had nothing to do with how to lighten a boot, how to magically spray down an injury, or how to more effectively sell beer, gambling, and airline tickets to a global audience. Instead, the…

Football fans around the world have been debating the use of goal line technology ever since England won the World Cup back in 1066 (I think it was?!). THAT goal against zee Germans sparked debate that has continued to rear its head each and every time a goal is disallowed or awarded when it can be proven via video replay to have been an error in officiating.

You have to feel sorry for the referees. They only have a split second to judge whether a spherical object has fully crossed a white painted line in a field and have 22 players on the park - plus those watching from the side (team and fans alike) - all ready to lynch them, whatever their decision may be.

Goal line technology would remove the errors and make referees better equipped to deal with the baying mob - or so we hope. So what is goal line technology and how does it work? Goal line technology refer to systems that analyse the flight of a ball to determine whether or not it completely crossed the goal line during a football match. Football is MASSIVE business nowadays, with millions upon millions of pounds spent on the running of the teams. The prize money for league positions is £755,000 per place and doesn’t include television rights, payments and prize money for cup competitions; nor does it include ticket and merchandise sales but you get to see just how financially important it is that the major decisions in football (goals are key) are crucial to such a high value business.

Not so long ago I wrote a blog about tennis and Hawk-eye. If you read that you will get an idea of how triangulation works. For those who didn’t read it then here is a basic summary:

To track the flight of a ball (or even for your GPS to work on your smart phone), a method of triangulation is used. Place a number of cameras (3 is the minimum number - tri-angulation) into an arena. Naturally, the more cameras the better because they become more precise and accurate. Working in synch, these camera images are put through a processor. The result is the location of the object which is placed into a map or plot of the area in which it is situated.

With tennis, the Hawk-eye system literally predicts the flight of the ball and uses this prediction to place a ball either in or out. With your GPS it’s used to show you where you are on a map (GPS uses satellites, transmitters and receivers) and is accurate to approximately 10 meters for most consumer GPS devices.

To find out more about GPS etc visit: http://www.pocketgpsworld.com/howgpsworks.php Back to football!

http://www.premierleague.com The Premier League (in England) opted to hand the contract for goal line technology to perhaps the best known company in the UK to provide such a service. Hawk-eye (developed by Dr Paul Hawkins originally for cricket broadcasting - and used to show whether a ball bowled would have hit the stumps) has been around for a pretty long time.

Those cricket fans out there will remember seeing a graphical flight of a ball used in commentary on television prior to its use as a review system for the umpires themselves during game play.

The system for football works in exactly the same way as the system for cricket and tennis. A number of cameras are used to plot the flight of the object (ball) and placed into a 3 dimensional map of the environment.

For football, seven cameras are placed at either end of the football pitch and all trained on the goal area alone. These seven cameras will record the ball when it comes into their view. As they track the object, the data is sent through to a central computer which uses a minimum of three cameras to precisely locate the ball and place it into its 3D environment. The computer program is effectively watching for the entire ball to cross a line (a parameter in the system). IF Hawk-eye determines the ball has crossed the line it will send a signal to a device worn on the referees wrist, who will in turn award a goal.

Factors such as player’s bodies or fog obscuring the ball from the camera will not be a problem using Hawk-eyes system for a couple of reasons: The placement and number of cameras mean there will always be a view of the ball to locate it and therefore “predict” its path (Hawk-eye uses the flight of the ball to predict it’s trajectory rather than review it after an incident).The cameras are of such high quality that fog will not obscure their ability to “see” the target.. All this takes place within one second and therefore delays in play are not likely to become an issue! Hawk-eye (in football) is accurate to 3cm. While this is extremely accurate, it has been argued that more than an inch is too great a margin when the object is only 9 inches across (a professional football is between 27 and 28 inches in circumference). As with most broadcast sports that use a Hawk-eye system the graphical images are available for television usage.There is currently a discussion to allow them to also be used on the large screens within the stadia itself but at present this has not been given the go ahead!

http://www.hawkeyeinnovations.co.uk It is worth stating at this point that while The Premier League has adopted this system, UEFA is currently still against the use of any goal line system. So any club that has this technology within its stadia will have to turn it off for an UEFA based competition.

FIFA on the other hand has given the green light for goal line technology to be used in its sanctioned competitions and is considering using a form of system in the 2014 World Cup. Other versions of goal line technology that didn’t get the thumbs up treatment from The Premier League hierarchy include:

http://www.cairos.com/ Cairos Technologies AG Cairos Technologies AG developed a system which incorporated a magnetic field in the penalty area with a sensor that is suspended within the ball itself.

To generate the magnetic field they would place thin cables with an electrical current running through under the turf in the penalty box and behind the goal line to create a grid. The sensor within the ball measures the magnetic grid as it moves across the area and relays data to a computer which in turn determines if the ball has crossed the line or not.

If the system believes a goal to have been scored, a signal is sent to the referees watch within one second of the incident occurring. To make this system workable, Adidas designed a football that could contain a sensor suspended within that would remain intact even when the ball is struck with great force.

Goalminder Perhaps the cheapest of all the options, Goalminder places high speed cameras (taking 2000 frames per second) onto the goal posts and the cross bar. These images are then used to deliver visual evidence to the referee to enable him (or her) to make a decision – in less than 5 seconds. This system has been ruled as the simplest but most time consuming method. It is the fact that it could take a period of time for a human to analyse the footage to determine an outcome that has caused it to be the least successful of the options in terms of it's bid for use.

Goalref http://www.alexandra.dk/uk/projects/pages/goalref-intelligent-football.aspx A second technology involving electronic circuits and the ball directly. GoalRef uses a passive electronic circuit which is embedded in the ball and a low-frequency magnetic field around the goal itself. If the electric field that is generated is changed at all it is detected by coils which are imbedded in the goal frame, that in turn determine whether the ball crosses the line. This is extremely technical as the electric field is very minimal, yet the circuit in the ball is enough to trigger the system WHEN the ball fully crosses the (electric) field itself.

Picture a sheet of fog across the goal line. If the full dimension of the ball were to pass through this fog, the system would detect it and the referee would receive a signal on their wrist watch device. So which system is best? Which will be “the” future? The million dollar question! The answer is very much dependant on which organisation you wish to know about, which tournaments and which countries! The Premier League has given the go ahead for Hawk-eye to be used in the 2013/14 Premier league season after a closely run tussle between them and GoalRef. Last year saw FIFA award both Hawk-eye and GoalRef the go ahead to be used in the 2012 FIFA World Club Cup in Japan. FIFA have also identified the Cairos Technologies AG version as a viable option and are now weighing up the systems for successful implementation at the World Cup in Brazil in 2014. This decision is (at the point of writing the article) awaiting announcement.

With the footballers of Europe’s major leagues taking a deserved break from ball kicking – turning their attention instead to beaches, fatty foods and googling ways to say ‘I am moving to Anzhi Makhachkala/Shanghai Shenua/ Queens Park Rangers for sporting reasons’ without bursting out laughing – it would seem that the powers within the game have decided to focus on ideological battles for the time being. The debate sparked by Sepp Blatter’s sudden rush to embrace goal-line technology asks searching questions over what, exactly, we want football to be for.

Blatter apparently underwent his epochal change of heart after witnessing the frustration of England having a perfectly good goal chalked off, and then the even more galling sight of England being denied the chance to concede a suspiciously offside strike. FIFA have ordered trails of both the Hawk-Eye and GoalRef systems (in a boon for lovers of compound nouns everywhere), and both technologies look like they may have something cool to offer the game.

They di'nt 'av this in mah day!

http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ln/referenzprojekte/goalref/