#developmental psych notes

Self-Actualization -- student is available to learn

Esteem -- positive classroom culture -- positive feedback -- time for reflection -- encouragement to take risks

Belonging -- advisory relationships -- adult role models -- friendships -- peer relationships

Safety -- clear routine -- access to counselors -- access to nurse -- okay to take risks

Physiological -- meals -- clean clothes -- safe home

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Sigmund Freud

Developed psychosexual theory

Sexual desire driving force behind human development

Driven by three psychic structures:

Id: basis is pleasure principle

Superego: basis of conscience

Ego: basis of reality, mediates between id and superego

Psychosexual stages:

Oral: centered on mouth

Anal: centered on anus

Phallic: centered on genitals

Latency: sexual desires repressed in favor of social and cognitive skill development

Genital: reemergence of sexual desire, directed outside of family

Erik Erikson

Developed psychosocial theory

Focuses on social and cultural environment

Eight stages:

Go through lifespan

Characterized by crisis and resolution

Infancy: trust v. mistrust

Toddlerhood: autonomy v. shame and doubt

Early childhood: initiative v. guilt

Middle childhood: industry v. inferiority

Adolescence: identity v. identity confusion

Early adulthood: intimacy v. isolation

Middle adulthood: generativity v. stagnation

Late adulthood: ego integrity v. despair

Urie Brofenbrenner

Developed ecological theory

Focused on multiple influences that shape behavior

Five levels:

Microsystem: immediate environment

Ex. Family, friends

Mesosystem: interconnections between the microsystems

Ex. child's interactions with friends and family

Exosystem: social institutions

Ex. school, media, religious institutions

Macrosystem: cultural beliefs

Ex. Prevelance of Islam in practicing Middle Eastern countries, starting out sporting events with national anthem in US

Introduction to Human Development

Human development: the way people grow and change across the lifespan

Culture: the total patten of a group's customs, beliefs, art and technology

Globalization: connections between different parts of the world

World is getting virtually smaller and smaller, easier to reach people than in the past

Variations Across Countries

Developed countries: most affluent countries in the world 

Make up 17 percent of total world population

Ex. US, Canada, Japan, etc.

Developing countries: less wealth than the developed countries

Make up 83 percent of total world population

Ex. India, China, majority of South America

United States Variation

Two reasons why the US follows a different demographic path:

Total fertility rate is higher than most developed countries

US allows more legal immigration than most developed countries

More Cultural Variation

Variations between developed and developing countries:

Income

Education

Cultural beliefs

Ex. individualism v. collectivism

Variations Within Countries

Majority culture: sets norms and standards

Contexts: settings and circumstances

Ex. rural v. urban living

Socioeconomic status (SES): social class

Educational level

Income level

Occupation status

Gender: expectations of males and females

Ethnicity: cultural origin, traditions, race, religion, language, etc.

Evolutionary Beginnings

Evolutionary theory proposed by Charles Darwin

Natural selection

Young are born with different characteristics

Species change little by little

Humans' evolutionary beginnings shares ancestry with chimpanzees and gorillas

Human evolutionary line split from apes, called hominid line

Hominid line split, resulting in Homo species

Homo species evolved into Homo sapiens

The Origin of Cultures and Civilizations

Upper Paleolithic Period: art, trade and cultural differences begin to appear

Neolithic Period: climate change to allow farming

Development of Civilization: cities, writing, specialized work

Ancient Conceptions of Development

Similarities in Hindu, Ancient Greek and Talmud:

Youth is preparation

Adulthood is for experience

Old age is for wisdom and peace