Assertiveness and Getting What You Want.
Another one of my favorite DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy) skills is DEARMAN. Itās such a straight-forward way to begin practicing more assertive communication.Ā
Think of one or more times when you had to deal with confrontation or tension within a relationship (whether it be personal or professional in nature)ā¦
Did you have trouble saying ānoā, making a decision, expressing your opinion, or standing up for yourself? Did you ignore the problem and hoped it would go away or just give in and let the other person have their way? Maybe you are of the more passive style of communicating.Ā
If that doesnāt fit you, what about this⦠Did you lose your temper easily, make demands, interrupt others without listening to their thoughts, hold things in until you exploded, end up using name-calling or blaming language? You could be more of anĀ aggressive communicator.
Finally, what about this reactionā¦Did you pretend you were ok with whatever was causing distress because you didnāt want to cause more trouble but then end up complaining or talking trash behind the other personās back? Did you begin to āforgetā to respond to the other personās emails/calls/texts or show up late for meetings with them? You could be falling into the passive-aggressive style of communication.Ā
DEARMAN is an acronym that walks you through creating a script for addressing the problem using the assertive communicationĀ style. Assertive communication is HARD - honest, appropriate, respectful, and direct. If youāre only being honest and direct, youāre aggressive and if only appropriate and respectful, youāre passive.Ā
Here it is: (adapted from theĀ DBT website)
DESCRIBEĀ
-Describe the situation when necessary - sometimes it isnāt.
-Stick to the facts and donāt use judgmental statements.
-Focus on behaviors, not personality traits.
Ex:
1) āThis is the 3rd time this week that dirty dishes have been left out.ā
2) āI got a C on my last paper in your class even though I worked really hard on it and followed all the guidelines.ā
3) āIāve been working here for 2 years now and havenāt received a raise, even though my performance reviews have always been positiveāĀ
4) āThis is the third time this week that youāve asked me for a ride home.ā
EXPRESS
-Express feelings/opinions about the situation clearly.Ā
-Describe how you feel or what you believe about the situation.Ā
-Donāt expect the other person to read your mind or know how you feel; give a brief reason for making your request.Ā
Ex:
1) āI feel frustrated when the dishes are left out and I end up having to clean them up, but I really like having you as a roommate so itās hard for me to say anything about it.ā
2) āI believe I deserve a higher grade.āĀ
3) āI believe that I deserve a raise.āĀ
4) āIām getting home so late that it is really hard for me and my family. But I also really enjoy giving you rides home, and it is hard for me to say no.ā
ASSERTĀ
-Assert your wishes.Ā
-Ask for what you want.Ā
-Say no clearly.
-Donāt expect the other person to know what you want them to do if you donāt tell them (donāt expect them to mind read).Ā
-Donāt tell others what they āshouldā do.Ā
-Donāt beat around the bushā¦Just bite the bullet and ask, or say no firmly.
Ex:
1) āI would like it if you cleaned your dishes and put them away after youāre done with them.ā
2) āIād like for you to hear out my reasoning for a higher grade and reconsider my paper.ā
3) āI would like a raise. Can you give it to me?Ā
4) āBut I have to say no tonight. I canāt give you a ride home so often.ā
REINFORCEĀ
The basic idea here is that if people do not gain form complying with a request, at least some of the time, they may stop responding in a positive way.
-Reward people who respond positively to you when you ask for something, say no, or express an opinion.Ā
-Sometimes it helps to reinforce people before they respond to your question by telling them the positive effects of getting what you want or need.Ā
Ex:
1) āIād feel less stressed and we would be able to hang out more as friends rather than deal with roommate tension if the apartment was cleaned up more often.ā
2) āThanks for considering my points and adjusting my grade. I really appreciate it.āĀ
3) āI will be a lot happier and probably more productive if I get a salary that reflects my value to the company.āĀ
4) āThanks for being so understanding. I really appreciate it.ā
STAYĀ MINDFULĀ
-Keep your focus on your objectives in the situation.Ā
-Maintain your position.Ā
-Donāt be distracted on to another topic.Ā
Two helpful techniques for staying mindful:
1.Ā Broken RecordĀ
Ā -Keep asking, saying no, or expressing your opinionā¦over and over and over.Ā
-You donāt have to think up something new each time, just keep saying the exact same thing. Keep a mellow tone of voiceā¦.your strength comes from maintaining your position.
2.Ā IgnoreĀ
-If the other person attacks, threatens, or tries to change the subject⦠ignore theĀ threats, comments, or efforts to divert you. Just keep making your point. If you respond to these attacks, you have allowed the other person to take control of the situation.Ā If you want to deal with the attacksā¦deal with them in another discussion.
APPEAR CONFIDENTĀ
-Confident tone of voiceĀ
-Confident physical mannerĀ
-Appropriate eye contactĀ
-No stammering, whispering, staring at the floor, etcā¦Ā
How confident to act in a situation is a judgment call. There is a fine line between appearing arrogant and appearing too apologetic.
NEGOTIATEĀ
-Be willing to give to get.
-Offer and ask for alternate solutions.Ā
-Reduce your request.
-Maintain your no, but offer to do something else or solve the problem another way.
-Turn the tables: Turn the problem over to the other person and ask for alternative solutions.Ā
Ex:
1) I know it bothers you when I play my music too loud when youāre trying to study, so if you can work on the dishes, I could work on using headphones or keeping the volume low.
2) If you canāt change my grade, is there any extra credit I can do?Ā
3) āWhat do you think we can do.ā āI am not able to say yes, but you really seem to want me to. What can we do here?āĀ
4) āHow can we solve this problem?ā
Using DEAR MAN skills in really difficult situationsĀ
Some people have really good skills themselves, and keep refusing your legitimate requests, or pestering you to do something you donāt want to do.Ā
*Use the same āDEAR MANā skills, but change the focus to the current interaction.Ā
1.Ā Describe the current interactionĀ
"You keep asking me over and over again even though I have already said no."Ā
Avoid blaming the other personā¦i.e. donāt say āyou just donāt want to hear meāĀ
2.Ā Express your opinions/feelings of discomfort about the interactionĀ
Iām not sure that you understand what I am askingāĀ
Iām starting to feel angry about this.āĀ
3.Ā Assert your wishesĀ
when the other person is refusing a request, suggest that you put off the conversation to another timeĀ
Give the person another chance to think about itĀ
When the other person is pestering you, ask them to stopĀ
4.Ā ReinforceĀ
when saying no to someone who keeps askingā¦.suggest that you end the conversation because you arenāt going to change your mind anyway
It may seem awkward and robotic at first to follow a script, but TRUST ME, this skill has several benefits that outweigh the initial weirdness of using it.
Start small. Apply the skill to something āeasyā to gain confidence.
As you build up your confidence and comfort using the skill, it begins to feel more natural and you can then mold the skill/script to fit your style rather than molding yourself to fit it.Ā
My favorite part about the DEAR MAN skill is that even in creating the script prior to addressing someone with it, you are processing your feelings and getting the stuff youāve been holding onto out of you and onto paper. That small step in itself can offer a great deal of relief.
You can practice it with someone you trust first which can also be a cathartic experience, and it helps you fine-tune your approach. Ā