#caravanlanguagesfarsiold

Hey! So in this lesson, we’re going to talk about connectors, so this is going to be a bit of a short lesson.

In english, we use “and” to connect multiple things together in a sentence. In Persian, we simply use the letter “و”. It’s pronounced as either “va” or “o” (more common.) Let’s try this out in a few sentences.

So when we add the indefinite enclitic -i that we’ve discussed in previous lessons, it goes to the end. I’ll explain this using the examples we have above

As you can see in the example above, even if there’s a plural suffix, the -i indefinite suffix comes at the end. And if there’s already a ی at the end of the word, you add a  ای

Hello! In this lesson we will cover different aspects of nouns. These include plurality, definiteness, proper and common nouns. We’ve already covered plurals in another lesson [LINK HERE] so be sure to check that out!

Definite/indefinite: Nouns in Farsi are either definite (without suffixes) or non-specific (with a suffix).

Definite nouns are divided into two categories: specific and generic

So for specific nouns kitab khub-ast could either mean the book is good or books are good. it depends on the context

For non-specific (a table, any table, a book, books etc) you add an unstressed -i suffix ketâb>ketâbi

If the noun you are using has an adjective, the - i suffix goes on the end of the adjective

ketâb-e khub > ketâb-e khubi

Common nouns These nouns can accept all suffixes and prefixes. ( Even the markings of definite and indefinite.) Let’s examine a sentence

( The markings are 'ی' and 'همین' that the word ' کتاب ' has taken. So 'ketab' is a common noun)

It indicates everything in its group: like, in the following sentence friend here means you can take anyone of his friends in consideration and still the sentence will remain correct

Friend: dust ,دوست

3- you can make plurals out of them پسران - sons همسایگان - neighbours

Proper nouns: Unlike common nouns you can't make them plural or add the shenas indicator 'i' to them

You can make famous people names plural, despite them being proper nouns. Sometimes you pluralize some proper nouns to make a point. You can say Irân sarzamine Rostamhâ ast. Literally this means “Iran is the country of Rostams” -(one of Iran’s legendary heroes.) Referring to shahname here. This sentence means that there are a lot of heros in Iran who have the same abilities and bravery as Rostam.

For practice, try to translate these sentences by yourself.

دماوند کوه بلندی است. Damâvand kuh-e bolandi ast.

This week we’re going to cover plural suffixes!

So you know how in english we add an “s” to a lot of words to signify that they’re plural? So bird becomes birds, well, we have a similar thing in Perisan.

In persian we use "haa/ها" and "aan/ان" as plurar suffixes. These two are practically interchangeable. However, -ha tends to be more universal than -aan.

But remember when a word ends in "eh/ه" like in 'setareh/ستاره/ star' if you want to use " ann/ان", you should change the "h/ه" to "g/گ" in written Persian and then add "ann/ان"  ==> setaregan/ستارگان

( You may hear a lot of people use "aat/ات" and "in/ین" as plura; suffixes but these are Arabic plurar suffixes and are not strictly Persian.  Also some plural arabic loan words, means singular in persian so to use plurar suffixes for them its best to use "aat/ات " but "ha/ ها" is acceptable.==> Javaher/جواهر/jewel (not a plurar word in persian, changes to: ) javaherat/ جواهرات /jewels. Or javaherha/جواهرها).