#cable insulation

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Uphill Diffusion of Antioxidant in Cross-Linked Polyethylene by Yuan-Shang Chang* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals 

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE or PEX) is a major material for cable insulation. Antioxidant is usually used as a dopant added in XLPE to prevent the insulation from oxidation. However, the antioxidant diffuses out of an XLPE matrix during thermal ageing, which accelerates oxidation, causing the degradation of the insulation. Few models have been developed to represent the diffusion behavior of the antioxidant. One paper has reported that the antioxidant in XLPE migrates from low to high concentration but no explanation has been given. Starting with the theories of uphill diffusion and reaction-diffusion, this paper has developed a physics-based model explicating why the antioxidant migrates against the concentration gradient. In addition to the concentration, the activity coefficient (γ) of the antioxidant is also considered. With physical significance, this study mathematically proves the inhomogeneous distribution of the diffusing oxygen in XLPE makes γ a function of oxygen concentration. γ determines the driving force rendering the uphill diffusion of the antioxidant. Besides the γ function, the decomposition rate of the antioxidant has been modeled.

The Basic Fundamentals of the Cable Insulation:

                                            Cable Insulation

The Basic discernment of the Cable Insulation properties  structure the foundation for the assessment of a cable operability. These same root provide the basis for formation like of various  physical and electrical  tests and measurements are cost-effective, meaningful and warranted, and are all beginning for the evaluation of present or regular cable test .

Properties of Cable Insulation:

Insulation performance always influenced by the different factors, Some of which include: Thermal bridging. Surface emissivity (“ε” value) Density. Thermal conductivity (“k” or “λ” value) Specific heat capacity. Insulation thickness. The insulating ability of a material is studied as this opposite of thermal conductivity (k).Low thermal conductivity is always to high insulating capability (Resistance value).

What is Good Cable Insulation?

                                          Good Cable Insulation

As we know all about that the good insulation always has the high resistance and the poor insulation having the relatively very low resistance.

The actual resistance values depend upon the factors as the moisture or temperature content of the insulation it can be higher or lower (resistance decreases in moisture or temperature ). When with any insulation system the voltage is impressed ,then some current leak around the insulation. During the testing with the direct high voltage ,insulation absorption current, capacities charging current and by-pass current are all need present to some degree.

Reasons why a Cable Insulation has failed?

When the design limit get exceed by the magnitude of the leakage current ,then cable deliver energy will be no longer efficiently. The main Failure of cable insulation breakdown is often similar with the low efficiently of solid or liquid cable insulation materials used inside the high voltage transformers or the capacitors in the electricity distribution grid, and at end in a short circuit or a blown fuse. The Cable insulation that has already been damaged and pierced just due to the compression of the heat (heat shrinking, soldering), (cable ties, strain reliefs) or stripping. The reason of a cable failure depend on many substances such as oil, water and chemicals can contaminate and made the reason for the shorten the life of cable insulation and cause the serious problems. All insulation cable deteriorates will naturally with the age, especially due to the high loading and when it is not the physically damaged it get exposed to the elevated temperature. In this case, there will be a distributed flow of the leakage current at while a test or energized.

Cable Faults Described

Melhores práticas na gestão da manutenção de cabos isolados de média tensão [Best Practices in the Maintenance Management of Isolated Medium Voltage Cables]

… Testes de tensão aplicados aos isolamentos são indicados tanto por normas nacionais, como por normas internacionais. Grandes instituições, como o IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) e e o IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), incorporaram a prática de tensões em baixas frequências (VLF) em suas normas e guias.