#c2.6

group 1 element reaction with water group 1 element: lithium

before: water: clear, liquid, colorless universal indicator: green lithium: protected with oil, shiny, malleable

The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Hydrogen ions, H+(aq), make solutions acidic.

Hydroxide ions, OH-(aq), make solutions alkaline.

In neutralisation reactions, hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water. This is represented by the equation:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H20(l)

Metal oxides and hydroxides are bases.

Soluble hydroxides are called alkalis.

Which salt will be produced in any reaction between an acid and a base/alkali depends on:

Which acid is used -- hydrochloric acid produces chlorides; nitric acid produces nitrates; sulphuric acid produces sulphates

Which metal is in the base/alkali

The state symbols in equations are added after a substance in subscript to denote what state the substance is found in in the reaction. They are:

(s) -- solid

(l) -- liquid

(g) -- gas

(aq) -- aqueous solution

Soluble salts can be made from acids by reacting them with:

Metals -- not all metals are suitable; some are too reactive/not reactive enough

Insoluble bases -- these are added to the acid until no more will react, at which point the excess solid is filtered away

Alkalis -- an indicator can be used to show when the acid and alkali have completely reacted to produce a salt solution.

Salt solutions can be crystallised to produce solid salts.

Soluble salts can be made from acids.

Insoluble salts can be made from solutions of ions.

When acids and alkalis react, it is a neutralisation reaction.

You should be able to use your skills, knowledge and understanding to:

Select an appropriate method for making a salt, given appropriate information

Practical work to develop your skills and understanding:

Producing copper sulphate (a soluble salt) from copper oxide and sulphuric acid

Producing magnesium sulphate (a soluble salt) from magnesium oxide and sulphuric acid

Producing copper chloride (a soluble salt) from copper oxide and hydrochloric acid

Producing zinc nitrate (a soluble salt) from zinc oxide and nitric acid

Producing sodium chloride (a soluble salt) from sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid

Producing copper sulphate (a soluble salt) from copper carbonate and sulphuric acid

Investigating the effect of different conditions on the yield of salt

Producing lead iodide (an insoluble salt) from lead nitrate and potassium iodide solutions

Producing barium sulphate (an insoluble salt) from barium chloride and sodium sulphate solutions

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