Personally, nakarinig na ako ng mga pahayag tulad ng “kababae mong tao, ganyan ka manamit, maglakad, umupo, …” o ‘di kaya’y “trabaho yan ng lalaki e, dapat si kuya mo ang gumagawa niyan…”. Pero syempre, bilang isang hindi masyadong masunuring anak, hindi naman ako naaapektuhan o nadadala sa mga komento ng mga magulang ko tungkol sa akin.
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Natatandaan ko pa nga, minsan na nilang kinwestiyon ang aking sekswalidad nang makahiligan ko ang pagsusuot ng jersey shorts na hinihingi ko pa kay Papa. Tinanong pa nila ako kung tomboy o tibo raw ba ako. Hindi ko napigilang matawa noong mga oras na iyon. Hindi ko lamang inaasahan na dahil sa simpleng shorts at istilo ng aking pananamit ay hahantong sila sa ganoong konklusyon. (Myghod)
KNOWING na napaka - taray at napaka - arte ko pa (in all aspects), hindi ko talaga inexpect na mapagkakamalan akong isang tibo. Para sa akin, wala namang kaso iyon, hindi naman sumama ang loob ko dahil nasabihan ako ng ganoon. Sa katunayan, pakiramdam ko pa nga, ang cool cool ko nung mga oras na iyon. Ang sinagot ko na lamang ay dahil mas komportable akong magsuot ng malalaking shorts kaysa sa mga pang - ibaba na pwede nang pumasa bilang panty. DUH.
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Anyways, sa puntong iyon napatanong din ako na “Hindii ba ‘to pwedeng suotin ng isang babae? May mali ba dito?” Dahil na din sa pangyayaring ito, napagtanto ko na mayroon na talagang mga nakaukit na pamantayan na dapat sundin mo bilang isang babae o lalaki.
Hindi man nakasulat sa aklat ng mga batas na dapat ganoon ang sinusunod nating pamantayan, ngunit sa mata ng lipunan ganoon dapat tayo kumilos, magsalita, manamit, o mag-ugali batay sa nakatalagang kasarian sa atin. At kung hindi natin ito masunod, dito umuusbong ang pakiramdam ng isang indibidwal na parang may mali sa kanya kahit wala naman talaga.
Ito ay dahil sa tinatawag na “gender roles” na itinakda ng lipunan sa atin.
Kung bibigyan ito ng pormal na kahulugan, ito ay ang pag - uugali o pagkilos na inaasahan na ipakita ng isang indibidwal bilang resulta ng pagiging isang lalaki o babae.
DO GENDER ROLES STILL EXIST?
Maaaring nasa 21st Century na tayo at hindi na tayo nabubuhay sa isang mundo kung saan ang mga kababaihan ay inaasahang pa ring manatili sa bahay at gumawa ng mga gawaing bahay o maghanda ng pagkain para sa pag-uwi ng kanyang asawa at mga anak o kaya naman ipaglaban ang kanilang karapatang bumoto, ngunit hindi pa rin natin maikakaila na nananatili at makikita pa rin natin ang gender roles sa ating lipunan hanggang sa kasalukuyan.
1. Pamilya
Unang nakikita ito ng mga kabataan sa loob ng kanilang pamilya, partikular na sa kanilang mga magulang. Ang mga magulang ang may pinakamalaking impluwensiya sa kanilang mga anak sapagkat sa kanila unang natatanggap at naririnig ng mga bata ang mga karaniwang stereotype kaugnay ng mga kasarian na itinakda ng lipunan.
Halimbawa na lamang ay sa paggawa ng mga gawaing bahay. May mga ‘gawaing pambabae’ at ‘gawaing panlalaki’ silang tinatawag, kung saan ang mga lalaki ay mayroong mas mabigat na tungkulin kaysa sa mga babae na isang implikasyon din na hindi kaya ng isang babae ang isang partikular na gawaing ito.
Makikita rin ang gender roles sa mga magulang mismo, kung saan ang ama ay inaasahang magtrabaho at tumustos sa pangangailangan ng pamilya. Samantalang ang mga ina naman ay kadalasang itinuturing na mga caregivers dahil ito ay inaasahang magtrabaho lamang sa bahay at alagaan ang mga anak nito.
Maaaring ang mga gender roles din ang maging basehan kung sino ang may hawak ng mga desisyon sa isang pamilya o kung sino ang mas may kakayahan na magpasunod o kontrolin ang sistema ng kanilang tahanan.
Ngunit sa panahon ngayon, hindi na naman ito ang nakikita kong kaugalian, bagamat may bahagya pa rin, mas nakikita ko na ang mga babae bilang mayroong mas mabibigat na tungkulin kaysa sa mga lalaki, na hindi na lamang ang haligi ng tahanan ang tanging tagapagtustos ng pamilya, at kinikilala na rin ang kakayahan ng mga kababaihan na gawin ang parehong gawain na noon ay para sa kalalakihan lamang.
Napakahalaga na maipakita at maituro ng mga magulang ang patas at pantay na pagtrato sa kanilang mga anak, anuman ang kanilang kasarian, sapagkat ito ang huhubog sa kanilang paniniwala at pagkakaunawa sa kung ano ang tanggap o hindi tanggap, sa kung ano ang dapat at hindi dapat, at sa kung ano ang tama at mali sa mata ng lipunan.
Sapagkat kung anuman ang naririnig nila sa kanilang mga magulang o pamilya, ito ay makakaapekto sa kung paano nila ipahayag ang tunay nilang nararamdaman, ipakita ang totoo nilang kaugalian, at kung paano nila tanggapin at tingnan ang kanilang mga sarili
2. Edukasyon
Ang mga paaralan ay mayroon ding mahahalagang tungkulin sa kung paano natin tinitingnan ang mundo sa ating paligid, na lubos na nakakaapekto sa kung paano natin nakikita ang ating sarili at ating kapwa, pati na rin ang mga pagkilala natin sa iba't ibang lahi, wika, kapansanan, at kasarian.
Ang mga guro kung minsan ay hindi namamalayang naiimpluwensyahan na rin nila ang mga estudyante tungkol sa mga gender roles. Halimbawa na lamang, ay tuwing magtatalaga ito ng mga karakter ng isang roleplay kung saan ito ay batay sa kanilang biyolohikal na kasarian.
Isa din sa napapansin ko, na walang kaso kung magdadamit lalaki ang mga kababaihan ngunit kung ang isang lalaki ang magdamit babae o kumuha ng karakter na pambabae, ito ay isang katawa - tawa.
Madalas ding ilarawan ang mga batang lalaki bilang makulit, pasaway, laging naguiguidance, o mahilig gumawa ng kalokohan. Dahil dito, sila rin ang mainit sa mata ng mga guro at mahigpit na dinidisiplina. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga batang babae naman ay madalas na pinupuri dahil ito raw ay hindi suwail, matino ang pag - uugali, malinis, o basta kabaligtaran ng mga batang lalaki.
Dagdag pa rito, nakakaapekto din ang gender roles sa porsyento ng mga pumapasok sa isang propesyon. Halimbawa na lamang sa engineering, kadalasan kasi mga kalalakihan ang mas preferred sa ganitong larangan dahil sinasabing mas may kaalaman sila sa matematika, teknolohiya, at agham kaysa sa mga kababaihan.
3. Trabaho
Kapag nagiging batayan ang kasarian sa isang trabaho, nagkakaroon ng bias halimbawa kung ang isang lalaki ay nagtatrabaho sa isang posisyon na iniuugnay sa isang babae, ito ay nakakatanggap ng negatibong bias o mga komento, ganoon din kapag ang mga kababaihan ay magtrabaho sa panlalaking posisyon.
Dahil dito nahuhusgahan at tila minamaliit ang kakayahan ng parehong kasarian na maging mahusay sa iba't ibang larangan, pambabae man ito o panlalaki.
Isa pang halimbawa nito ay kapag ang namumuno ay ang isang babae, hindi sineryoso at pinaniniwalaan ang kakayahan nito na mamuno, sapagkat ayon sa pamantayan, mas angkop sa mga kalalakihan na magkaroon ng matataas na posisyon dahil sila ay mas may paninindigan at may kakayahang mamuno kaysa sa mga kababaihan.
Mayroon din namang mga trabaho na gender stereotyped din. Katulad na lamang ng pagiging pulis o sundalo na itinuturing na panlalaking trabaho habang ang pagiging guro naman ay nakikita bilang isang pambabaeng trabaho.
Ang mga stereotypes na ito na humuhubog sa kung paano natin tingnan ang mga trabaho kung angkop ba ito sa ganitong kasarian, ay higit na nakakaapekto rin sa mga bilang ng mga natatanggap sa isang partikular na trabaho, sa sweldo na maaari nilang matanggap, at pati na rin sa mga promotions na dapat ay walang pinipiling kasarian dahil nararapat lamang na magantimpalaan ang pagsisikap ng bawat empleyado bilang motivation sa kanila upang pagbutihin pa nito ang kanilang trabaho.
4. Media
Ang telebisyon at iba pang anyo ng media ay nagpapakita rin ng gender - based stereotypes sa iba’t ibang aspeto lalo na sa mga palabas at pelikula.
Kadalasan ang ginagampanan na mga karakter ng mga kababaihan sa mga pelikulang ay bilang isang maybahay at tagapag-alaga ng pamilya, o ‘di kaya’y palaasa sa kanilang mga asawa, o bilang mga kinaiinteresan ng mga lalaki.
Ang mga lalaki ay naaapektuhan din ng mga gender stereotypes sa media. Sila ay karaniwang nailalarawan bilang makapangyarihan o malakas to the point na parang hindi na kinikilala ng mga tao ang iba pang kaugalian na maaaring ipakita ng isang lalaki bukod sa pagiging malakas o makisig.
Isang halimbawa nito ay ang karaniwang ideya kung saan ang babae ay parating humihingi ng saklolo at kailangan ng proteksyon habang ang mga lalaki ay nagsisilbing mga bayani o tagapagligtas na hindi lang minsang nangyari sa ilang mga pelikula.
5. Lipunan
Maraming pamantayan ang itinakda ng lipunan base sa ating kasarian at ito ay laganap pa rin kahit sa loob ng ating pamilya, sa trabaho, media, o paralaan.
Ang ganitong kaugalian ay nakakaimpluwensiya sa pananaw ng mga tao sa kung paano dapat kumilos ang mga kalalakihan at mga kababaihan, at sa kung paano rin nila tingnan ang kanilang mga sarili mismo. Ito ay maaari ring magsulong ng isang hindi balanseng pananaw ng mga tao kaugnay sa tungkulin na inaasahan ng lipunan sa isang babae o lalaki.
Importante na hindi natin diktahan ang mga tao sa kung ano ang dapat at hindi dapat na kanilang gawin dahil kaakibat nito ay ang pagtanggal natin ng kanilang kalayaan upang maipahayag ang tunay nilang mga sarili.
Halimbawa na lamang ay kung ang isang batang babae ay gustong maging doktor, at ang isang batang lalaki ay nais maging guro, pigilan natin ang ating mga sarili na makialam at humusga. Sapagkat kung kaya namang magpagaling nitong doktor na ito, bakit kailangang pang may nakatakdang kasarian? Kung kayang magturo ng isang guro sa isang mag-aaral, sino tayo para ialis ang karapatan ng mag-aaral na matuto, dahil lamang sa kasarian ng kanyang guro?
Kung ang isang lalaki ay gustong umiyak, hayaan natin siyang umiyak sapagkat ang pakiramdam naman ng mga lalaki ay hindi kailanman nagkaiba sa nararamdaman ng mga babae.
Sabi na rin ni Emma Watson:
Hanggang dito na lamang ang aking pagtalakay ukol sa mga gender roles at gender stereotypes. Maraming salamat sa pagbabasa! - MIRANDA
*Credits to the rightful owners of all pictures/videos/media used in this blog.
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Learning From Technopreneurship Talks and Continuing Our Milestone 3 Journey
For November 3–9, our class focused on two major activities: attending the TECHNO 101 & TEM plenary session and continuing the presentation of our Milestone 3. This week felt like a combination of learning, reflection, and applying concepts to our own startup journey.
During the plenary session, we listened to Engr. Raymund Mocorro who talked about Prototyping and MVP Development, as well as Entrepreneurial Traits and Self-Awareness. What stood out to me was the reminder that a prototype doesn’t need to be perfect, it just needs to clearly show how the product or solution will work in real life. This made me realize that technopreneurship is not about waiting for a perfect idea, but testing something simple and learning from real users. MVPs help avoid wasting time, effort, and money, because they allow entrepreneurs to see what works and what needs improvement before scaling up.
Another important part of the talk was about knowing yourself as an entrepreneur. Engr. Mocorro emphasized that self-awareness matters because every founder has strengths and weaknesses. Instead of trying to be good at everything, it is better to work with a team that balances each other. Listening to this made me think of our own group, how each member has a different role, personality, and skill. It reminded me that teamwork and communication are just as important as the product we are building.
In class, we also continued the presentations for Milestone 3. Watching other groups present helped me see different approaches to solving problems in the community. It was interesting to compare how each team validated their ideas, created business models, and planned their next steps. Even if each group had a different problem and solution, we all shared the same goal to build something useful, realistic, and sustainable.
Overall, this week taught me more than just theory, it gave me a clearer view of the journey we are taking. Technopreneurship is not only about ideas, but about testing, improving, questioning, and learning continuously. The plenary session reminded me that failure is part of the process, and the milestone presentations showed that progress comes in many forms. Each week, I feel like we are getting closer not just to finishing a requirement, but to understanding what it means to innovate and create real impact.
I can’t sleep again so I am typing this on my phone and I guess I will find a way to get it to you later on.
It’s ten minutes until three and I am in a half full bath which is where I’ve been at during this time pretty much 90% of my life.
I’m always curious the actual breakdown of how much of my existence I spent inside a bathtub but I’m not sure the answer would soothe me at all. How much time I needed an escape from my bed rotting, how much time my back ached beyond ignoring, and apparently how much time I couldn’t sleep.
I have to be awake for work in 3 hours 39 minutes and 15 seconds and yesterday I created the death of a family member out of thin air.
There will probably come a point where my director sees through my excuses and comes to the conclusion that I am lazy and not fit for my job rather than reaching through the lines I didn’t give her and understanding that I can’t sleep.
I don’t put that lightly and I don’t mean a simple tossing and turning but I guess I don’t have to explain that to you considering you’re here, probably in the same state and reading back on these entries instead of making them.
The pills didn’t work and neither did the lullabies and especially not the closing my eyes and actually giving it a shot that everybody recommends.
Earlier I took an appropriately timed bath and accidentally got my hair wet while trying to block out the noise in my head.
I’m sure you’re aware that getting my hair wet without any soap leaves it drying up in weird positions and making me itch until I bleed so I’m back here now to wash my hair.
I messaged my director before I got in telling her I needed to leave by 1 tomorrow but even that is going to feel like a stretch on my limbs.
Not to mention my reasoning was to make funeral arrangements for my imaginary aunt (on my mother’s side) that unexpectedly passed away yesterday.
It won’t be hard to go in there and do 75% of a shift and pretend to grieve because I am pretty much constantly doing that anyways.
I’m not sure why I can’t make good decisions in my life and why it feels so much easier to lie and spend money I don’t have. I imagine it’s both nature and nurture and the same goes for the way I can hate myself but not enough to make any real change.
The same part of them that does that is also hoping she lends me sympathy I don’t deserve and tells me I don’t need to come in at all.
The only thing stopping me from calling off completely is my own anxiety and embarrassment, not any type of moral high ground. It’s not that I’m not tired, I’m probably the most tired I’ve ever been these days.
I just can’t sleep.
My face is a disaster right now on a completely unrelated note. He drives up here tomorrow and I am just dreading every thing right now.
This is the coldest winter I have ever experienced and my heart feels it too.
I’m making no sense now but I just want to talk and I have nobody to be on the other end except for myself. I am wondering what you are doing again but I hate asking about it both because I know you can’t answer me in a way that matters and I also know it drives me crazy to consider it.
I wish I could be me forever even if I am complaining about my qualities in this entry but it is scarier to change. I read the things I’ve posted so far, in the two weeks of the new year, and already feel disconnected from myself.
Too exhausting to think about right now.
Please don’t spend any money tomorrow.
And don’t forget to post me.
edit before posting later that night, I called off completely and spent the rest of my savings. Sorry me.
The Philippines' Death Penalty Conundrum: Justice or Injustice?
As a political science student, I have always been fascinated by the complexities of the criminal justice system and its implications on human rights. The debate on whether the death penalty should be re-imposed in the Philippines is a contentious issue that has sparked intense discussions among scholars, policymakers, and human rights advocates. In this blog, I will delve into the arguments for and against the reinstatement of the death penalty, examining the implications of such a decision on criminality, justice, and human rights in the Philippines.
The death penalty is a controversial issue that raises serious concerns about its effectiveness in deterring crime and promoting justice. One of the primary arguments against the re-imposition of the death penalty is that it is an irreversible punishment that can result in the execution of innocent individuals. The risk of wrongful convictions is a significant concern, particularly in a country like the Philippines where the justice system is often plagued by corruption and inefficiency.
Furthermore, the death penalty has been shown to have a disproportionate impact on marginalized communities, including the poor and racial minorities. In the Philippines, where poverty and inequality are pervasive, the death penalty would likely exacerbate existing social and economic injustices.
Proponents of the death penalty argue that it serves as a deterrent to crime, particularly for heinous offenses such as murder and drug trafficking. The reinstatement of the death penalty, they argue, would send a strong message to criminals that the state will not tolerate such behavior.
Additionally, some argue that the death penalty is a necessary tool for maintaining public safety and order. In a country like the Philippines, where crime rates are high and the justice system is often seen as ineffective, the death penalty may be seen as a means of restoring public confidence in the government's ability to protect its citizens.
From a human rights perspective, the death penalty is a violation of the right to life and the right to dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which the Philippines is a signatory, enshrines the right to life as a fundamental human right. The death penalty, by its very nature, contravenes this right and undermines the inherent dignity of the human person.
Moreover, the death penalty has been shown to have a negative impact on the mental health and well-being of prisoners, their families, and even the executioners themselves. In a country like the Philippines, where mental health services are often inadequate, the reinstatement of the death penalty would likely exacerbate existing mental health concerns.
In conclusion, the debate on whether the death penalty should be re-imposed in the Philippines is a complex and contentious issue. While proponents argue that it serves as a deterrent to crime and promotes public safety, opponents argue that it is an irreversible punishment that raises serious concerns about its effectiveness and human rights implications.
As a political science student, I believe that the Philippines should not re-impose the death penalty. Instead, the government should focus on addressing the root causes of crime, such as poverty and inequality, and investing in rehabilitation programs that promote restorative justice. By doing so, we can create a more just and equitable society that values the dignity and worth of every human life.
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The Central Bank of Costa Rica is an autonomous institution under public law. It has his own assets and is part of the National Banking System. The Central Bank of Costa Rica was established in response of the situation that suffering the country, which was after events of the first World War. The Country suffering a reduce of incomes and the Bank system, which was formed of private banks, refused to give a loan to the Government. In response of this situation, it was created the first independence Bank, which was call International Bank.
One of the main roles of the Central Bank of Costa Rica is keep inflation low as possible. The Cental Bank of Costa Rica also the responsibility to interfere with the exchange rates to prevent big shocks in the exchange rates in short time period. Another role that the central Bank of Costa Rica has is providing Banking Services to the Government of Costa Rica and financial Institution. The Central Bank of Costa Rica is also in charge of providing economic advice to the Government.
Some of the challenge that the Central Bank of Costa Rica is trying to face is the age of Digitalization. In answer of this the Central Bank of Costa Rica had been trying to promote any type of digital transaction to their customers.
After seen all the history and role that the Central Bank of Costa Rica is clear how much this institution is essential for the country and how much it helps the economy of Costa Rica. It is also important to recall that thanks to all the goals this institution has accomplish and all the communication it has with the population, it has gained the trust of the citizens of Costa Rica.
A. Go to the website below and explore. Choose three bonds to invest in and explain why you choose them and their characteristics.
1.Wells Fargo & CO. DL debentures: I chose this bond because it has shown an upward trend over the last few years, as well as for not being a float bond. It has an A3 rating, which shows that it has a good credit quality and pays regular interest twice a year.
2. Caterpillar INC.DL: The value of this bond has also maintained an upward trend in recent years, it also has a 7.3% coupon, which means that the two annual payments it makes are at an interest rate of 7.3% with a credit quality rating A2.
3.Cummins INC.DL: Like the previous bonds, this one has a value that has been on an upward trend and has a good rating in terms of credit quality, so it fits my risk aversion.
B. Research about Eurobonds and discuss your opinion. Do you think they will help the economy of the country? Why or why not?
The issuance of bonds at a given time can be a useful tool, since they can allow a country to obtain liquidity to meet its obligations, so I think they are a good idea to be able to finance momentarily, however, you must be careful with the warning of its inflation effect.
Años atrás, cada fin de semana se sentaba uno con la pila de periódicos y revistas acumulados durante la semana, y armado de un par de tijeras, una libreta y senda jarra de café, se ponía a recolectar via recortes, las noticias y artículos mas importantes.
Hoy la jarra de café continúa, pero las herramientas y las fuentes son distintas: los diarios y revistas llegan digitalizados bajo la forma de PDF's, y los recortes se hacen en el iPadPro, con aplicaciones como Flexcil y DEVONThinkToGo.
Flexcil
Flexcil es una de herramienta maravillosa para editar, anotar, y manipular PDF's. Fácil de usar en el iPad, se convierte en una gran aplicación para quienes realizamos labores de estudio e investigación a partir de dicho formato de documentos.
A partir de un PDF se puede tanto extraer un conjunto de páginas, como una sección del mismo, bajo la forma de una imagen que se puede copiar facilmente al portapapeles, o adicionar como una nota a una libreta digital.
DEVONThink To Go
Hay que pensar en DEVONThink To Go como un gran almacén de contenidos (librería), que pueden venir en múltiples formatos, y pueden ser clasificados fácilmente en categorías y etiquetas que nos ayudarán a encontrarlos rápidamente cuando sea necesario.
En el iPad es muy sencillo integrar a la librería cualquier página web desde Safari, ya sea como un bookmark, web archive, markdown o incluso como PDF. Y lo mismo prácticamente se puede hacer desde cualquier otra app.
El buscador de esta app nos permite localizar cualquier pieza de información (palabra, frase) y usar operadores o filtros para refinar el detalle de los resultados.
Mas información sobre esta gran aplicación la encontrarán en su sitio oficial.
Flujos
Una vez hecho de su conocimiento todo lo anterior, les comparto una imagen que sintetiza el flujo que pueden implementar para hacer sus recortes digitales entre ambas aplicaciones:
Este flujo puede simplificarse aún mas, poniendo lado a lado ambas aplicaciones, y empleando drag-and-drop para almacenar el recorte.
TIP
Empleando el segundo método, no olviden convertir la imagen a PDF, con la opción To Searchable PDF para que el OCR integrado haga su tarea, y cada palabra pueda ser indexada para poder ser localizada.
