There is a theoretical blueprint for what had been called bio-electronic augmented vision. It sounds like science fiction, but if we break it down into its two distinct halves; firstly, "fixing the camera" (the retina) and then "updating the software" (the brain); we are actually surprisingly close to testing the individual pieces of this technology. This may be something common in the coming century.
To pick up near-infrared or ultraviolet light, we don't even need an artificial cell. We might be able to hijack existing ones using genetic engineering.
Scientists have already proven this works in mammals. In a famous study, researchers used gene therapy (injecting a harmless virus carrying specific D.N.A.) to introduce a human "red" cone gene into adult male squirrel monkeys. These monkeys are naturally red-green colorblind, but within months of receiving the new protein, their brains automatically began processing the new signals, effectively granting them trichromatic vision.
To go beyond human limits, we would need to design a synthetic opsin (the light-sensitive protein inside the cone) in a lab:
For Near-Infrared: We could model a protein after the heat-sensing pits of pit vipers, modifying it to trigger a neural impulse when struck by 900 nm light.
For Ultraviolet: We could clone the U.V.-sensitive opsins found in birds or bees, while simultaneously using a surgical laser to replace the human eye's natural U.V.-blocking lens with a clear synthetic intraocular lens (like those used in modern cataract surgeries).
Part 2: Neural Software Patch
This is the harder bottleneck. If we just plug a new "Infrared" cone into the optic nerve, the brain might just misinterpret the data. It would likely route the signal into the existing red pathway, making infrared look like a brighter shade of red rather than a brand-new color.
To get a true new color, we have to create a dedicated, independent neural pathway in the visual cortex. This is where advanced neuro-technology comes in.
Step A: Cortical Implants
Instead of waiting for the brain to slowly adapt, we could use a high-density brain-computer interface, similar in principle to advanced iterations of Neuralink or cortical visual prosthetics used to restore sight to the blind. Obviously Neuralink is full of problems on account of being a Muskian corporate project, but in the future a socialist state could implement more ethical and equitable iterations of transhuman tech.
By implanting an electrode array directly into Area V4 of the visual cortex; the specific hub responsible for processing color; we could artificially stimulate a cluster of neurons that are completely unlinked to our standard red, green, or blue inputs.
Step B: Training the Brain's Plasticity
Initially, zapping that new cluster of neurons might just feel like a weird, abstract sensory glitch; like seeing a flash of light or feeling a phantom tingle. But the human brain possesses incredible neuroplasticity (the ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections).
If we sync the retinal implant (the new infrared cone) with the brain implant, the brain will notice a pattern: Every time the eye points at a hot radiator, for instance, this specific cluster of neurons in Area V4 fires. Over months of training, the visual cortex would adapt. It would stop treating the signal as an error and create a brand-new internal concept, a new quale, to represent that specific data stream.
What Would the Final Experience Be Like?
If you underwent this procedure, the transition wouldn't happen overnight.
At first, the world would look normal, but you'd have a strange "sixth sense" awareness of near-infrared or U.V. light. But as the neural pathways locked into place, your brain would seamlessly weave the data into your visual field.
Instead of just seeing a hot stove as "redder," you would look at the heat radiating off an engine block, or the hidden U.V. patterns on a flower petal, and your brain would paint it with an entirely unique visual texture; a color that literally did not exist in the universe until human technology built the hardware to think it.