#ap bio problems

Types of evolution:

Stabilizing Selection- eliminates extreme favors middle (little and huge babies are dead babies and middle/average live)

Disruptive or Diversifying- extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values

Directional Selection- one phenotype replaces gene pool

Sexual Reproduction- variation of 2nd sexual characteristics (pretty male birds vs ugly female birds used to assert dominance and whatnot I guess)

Artificial Selection- bred for wanted characteristic

Pressure Variations:

Variation is necessary to evolve

Balance polymorphism: genetic selective scenario in which a heterozygote for two alleles of a gene has an advantage over either of the homozygous states is called "balanced polymorphism". A key concept to keep in mind is that the selection is for sickle cell trait.

Geographic variation: 2 varieties exist in 2 different regions

Sexual Reproduction: punnet bitches 

Outbreeding: interracial kinda thing( no inbreeding, should of told the european monarchs about that)

Diploidy: A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n.

Heterozygote: an individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring.

Frequency Dependent: minority advantage(the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. In positive frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common.)

Evolutionary Neutral Traits: seem to have no advantages(human blood types, no one knows why the fuck they are here)

Causes for evolution:

Genetic Drift- change in gene pool due to changes 

Population bottlenecks occur when a population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. Because genetic drift acts more quickly to reduce genetic variation in small populations, undergoing a bottleneck can reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot, even if the bottleneck doesn't last for very many generations.

A founder effect occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This small population size means that the colony may have: --reduced genetic variation from the original population --a non-random sample of the genes in the original population

Gene Flow- movement of alleles in and out of a population

Mutations- changes in genetic material(random)

Non-random mating- eliminate less fit individuals 

Introduction:

Evolution is the change of allelic frequencies in a population

History Of Earth:

The Earth is dated by: undisturbed sedimentary changes, fossil evolution, Paleomagnetic dating, and I heard the Moon had a fling with Earth at some point.

The oldest we have yet to date back is so far 4.5 billion years old. We're getting up there arent we now Mother Earth? 

There have been 5 major extinctions, wrong time wrong place in history I guess.

There was no oxygen in the atmosphere until around 4 billion years ago, shortly after that birthday bacteria grew and started producing oxygen.

Around 535 million years ago was the Cambrian Explosion, cool guys don't look at explosions though.

Evidence of Evolution:

Fossil Records- radiometric dating, half life, extinction

Comparative Anatomy- hematologist structures, enologist structures, residual structures

Biochemistry- organisms have a common ancestor pathway

Comparative Embryology- similarities in embryonic stages

Molecular Biology- all aerobic organisms, polypeptide cytochrome C

Biogeography- plate tectonics have changed flora and fauna

Losers of the Evolution Theory:

Aristotle: ladder of animals based on complexity with humans at the top, no evolution(he must be ari-startled by our discoveries)

Corallus tinneus: taxonomy= namer and classifier

Cuvier: fossils in each straton is different so there must be no evolution. (fuck evo get strato)

James Hunting: geologist= shaped by slow change

Leyall: geologist= said the earth was hella old instead of hella new

Landmark: naturalist= natural selection

Wallace: if ya dont use your arm and teach your kids not to use it, it will go away. (use it or lose it)