#anth 2200

Anthropology 2200 (Robert Bunger)

1/22/13

how one becomes an anthropologist?

1. Get a degree. (undergraduate)

 -biological - minor (biology)

-archaeology- minor (history)

-linguist- minor (linguistics)

-cultural- minor (psychology)

* no jobs labeled anthropologist for undergraduates 

2. Graduate school (can help your chances or broaden it to finding a job in anthropology.)

3. Doctors degree. (the only actual degree where one my get a job or become a professor labeled anthropologist.) 

1/24/13

- subconscious anthropology has been around since the creation of man; curiosity.

History:

*Herodotus (484-425 B.C.) (ancient Greek historian) wrote about wars between the Persians and Greeks, books describe the behavior of other cultures.

-Scythians (modern Ukraine)

-Egyptians (mummification) 

* ethnography- (description of another culture.)

*Tacitus (55-117 A.D.) (Roman) Germania (systematic ethnography) people who feared East of the Roman border. Beleived the Romans were becoming weaker in all aspects. Showed Germania was morally stronger then Rome.

1500-1700 (European Age of Discovery)

John White pictures (artist) North Carolina Native Americans.

*Bernado de Sahagun (1507-1590) (Aztec) sent to Mexico to teach priest began writing his accounts of Aztec cultures.

Anthropos logos began in Europe during the the Enlightenment period.

(17 century plus 16 century)

-physical and cultural have structure and occur in regular pattern.

Sir Issac Newton, Francis Bacon (physical)

*Charles Louis de Montesquieu (1689-1755) (Spirit of Laws) (founded of anthropology, sociology, and political science.) 

-environment causes the cultures ways. (environmental determinism.)

Cultural Evolution (19 Century) how society and culture changed) they develop in the same stages.

*Louis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) founder of American Anthropology.

- lawyer (New York) very interested in Native Americans. meet a rep of Seneca Indians. (League of the Hodenasaunee ur Iroquis.) Senecs culture.

-Morgan's Culture Rules:

1. Savagry   2. Babarism    3. Civilization   (each have different classes.)

(upper, middle, lower) all have a different based form of subsistence (food/shelter), kinship, and marriage.

(Ancient Society 1877)

Fredrick Engols (German) transmitted Morgan's ideas to Karl Marx

Karl Marx (1818-1883) built ideas upon Louis Morgan's theory.

Anthropology 2200

1/15/13

Anthropology (Anthropos-logos)

anthropos (human), logos (study)

- what does it mean to be human?

holistic point of view...

- all aspects of the human biological and cultural through all time.

Divisions of Anthropology

1. Biological Anthropology

- where do humans come from?

- development/ variation

- primatology (study of non-homo primates.) *only humans and orangutans can kill themselves through suicide.

- forensic anthropology

2. Archaeology

- study of the past cultures through material remains.

3. Linguistics (communication)

4. Cultural Anthropology

- human culture within society.

Society (group of human beings, who live in an environment and are dependent on one another and have a common shared culture.)

Sociocultural (one society lives upon another society.) 

Five Characteristics of Culture (general):

1. Culture is learned. (no complex instincts.) Learns symbolic communication environment effects the symbolic communication in which one learns.

2. Deferentially shared. (shared but not shared equally.)

3. Culture is based on symbolic communication.

4. Integrated or Systemic. (not randomly connected, connections are for purpose.)

5. A way to relate to different environments. 

1/17/13

Five Basic Task of Society (Cultures answer)

1. Food & Shelters (1.Subsistence Technology)

2. Reproduce Membership

birth - Parsees, India

recruitment - Shakers, Anne Lee 

3. Intercultural Membership

4. Maintain Order 

informal- couple of people, band.

formal- many people, nation.

(2-4. Social Organization- kinship, family, marriage, decedent, association, politics.)

5. Define meaning of life and maintain motivation for survival. (5. Religion & Ideology)

Reasons for Anthropology

1. Knowledge 

2. Regularities of Culture & Society

3. Encourage the point of view of Cultural relativity

point of view is characterized by:

- tolerance (holistic view of other cultures.)

- objectivity (holistic view of your own cultures.)