The Celestial Atlas of Andreas Cellarius (1660)

Andreas Cellarius – Scientist of the Day

Andreas Cellarius, a German/Dutch schoolmaster and cartographer, was born around 1596 and died in 1665; there are no dates attached to his life, so his work could be celebrated on any day one chooses.  

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Celestial maps from "Harmonia Macrocosmica" by Andreas Cellarius, 1660

our cosmos explained -hehe-

Andreas Cellarius: Harmonia Macrocosmica, 1660-61. Chart showing zodiac signs and the solar system with Earth at centre. Plate 2: SCENOGRAPHIA SYSTEMATIS MVNDANI PTOLEMAICI (Scenography of the Ptolemaic cosmography). [img edited]

Helical orbits Solar system (imgur meme): Not entirely correct, scientifically (but cool) - Universetoday

Copernican system, post by: chainedtomysins & perrfectly & s-t-y-l-e-t-s

Geocentric model (Ptolemaic system), wiki  [img source]

Unknown: The Flammarion (wood) engraving first appeared in Camille Flammarion's L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire, 1888. The caption underneath (not shown here) translates to "A medieval missionary tells that he has found the point where heaven and Earth meet..." [the Firmament]

Ancient Greek, Roman, and medieval philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth, in contrast to the older flat-Earth model implied in some mythologies. The ancient Jewish Babylonian uranography pictured a flat Earth with a dome-shaped, rigid canopy called the Firmament placed over it (רקיע- rāqîa'). 

However, the geocentric model was the predominant description of cosmos in Aristotle’s in Classical Greece. It’s also called Ptolemaic system because Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy, optimized its accuracy in his Almagest and Planetary Hypotheses, ca. 150 AD.

The Antikythera mechanism, compatible with the Ptolemaic system, could predict  the movements of Moon and Sun through the zodiac, the eclipses, to model the irregular orbit of the Moon and possibly (now missing) 5 of the 7 classical planets.

The Geocentric/Ptolemaic system persisted, with minor adjustments, but from the late 16th century onward, it was gradually superseded by the Heliocentric model of Copernicus (1473-1543), Galileo (1564-1642), Kepler (1571-1630) and Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727).

The transition between theories and perceptions is ongoing...

In the 6th c. BC, Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire.

About the same time, Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; he believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe.

Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 – c. 230 BC) developed a heliocentric model placing all of the then-known planets in their correct order around the Sun.

Hipparchus was in the international news in 2005, when it was again proposed (as in 1898) that his data may have been preserved in the only surviving large ancient celestial globe carried by the Farnese Atlas.

Lucio Russo has said that Plutarch, in his work On the Face in the Moon, was reporting some physical theories that we consider to be Newtonian and that these may have come originally from Hipparchus.

A line in Plutarch's Table Talk states that Hipparchus counted 103,049 compound propositions that can be formed from ten simple propositions. 103,049 is the tenth Schröder–Hipparchus number, which counts the number of ways of adding one or more pairs of parentheses around consecutive subsequences of two or more items in any sequence of ten symbols. This has led to speculation that Hipparchus knew about enumerative combinatorics, a field of mathematics that developed independently in modern mathematics.

source: wiki, Modern speculation