Where is your flying teapot now, skeptics?
This familiar figure tells you to eat your spinach, kids, itāll make you strong. But why? For the iron content, of course. But this is actually a myth. The iron content in spinach was overestimated by a factor of ten due to a simple decimal error made in the 1930s.
But wait! Other sources trace the error all the way back to the 1890s, or 1870s, and claim it was debunked in the 1930s.
But wait (again)! Actually, thereās no credible source that the decimal error ever occurred. Dr Mike Sutton, a criminology professor from the UK, calls this a supermyth. A myth spread by academics in order to promote healthy skepticism and to illustrate the wide-ranging consequences of simple human errorsāacademics who, ironically, commit those same errors themselves by not checking the sources properly. Ole BjĆørn Rekdal investigates the spread of this supermyth further. Hundreds of academic papers in fancy, credible journals and books by credible authors have spread this myth. Sometimes they cite a source; other times, itās taken as common knowledge in the academic world. Rekdal and Sutton both trace the source of the myth to a single source: a 1981 article by Hamblin in the British Medical Journal. This is often obscured by layers of secondary sources which ultimately lead back to this single source. This source, in turn, provides no evidence for the assertion that the confusion about spinach was due to a decimal error by mysterious āGerman scientists.ā Nor does it cite any sources. Hamblin himself doesnāt remember where he learned this āfactā, but further sleuthing reveals a lecture given in 1972 by Prof. Arnold E. Bender, which might well be the ultimate source of the myth. Interestingly, Benderās hypothesis becomes stronger over the years: in 1972 he says that āthe fame of spinach may well have grown from a misplaced decimal pointā, while in 1982, this has become (emphasis added): āthe belief can be traced back to a mistake in the transcription of analytical results in 1870, when a decimal point was misplaced.ā Possibly Benderās certainty about this point was bolstered by the publication, one year earlier, of Hamblinās unsourced recollection of Benderās own statements made years earlier. What a mess!
Iāll spare you all the gory details of digging through citation after citation in the search of elusive facts. One interesting fact unearthed through all this data analysis, including re-reading of old Popeye comics (for science, really!), is that Popeye eats spinach for its vitamin A content. If we are to believe Rekdal, skeptic-buster, this was the entire raison dā etre for the Popeye character:
According to Sutton (2010a: 13ā14), Elzie Crisler Segar had an entirely different nutrient, vitamin A, in mind when he invented Popeye and contributed to a massive increase in spinach consumption in the United States during the 1930s.
This could be interpreted to mean that Popeye was created as a health food propaganda tool. But actually he first appears as a side character in another comic by Segar, Thimble Theatre, before his massive popularity allowed him to usurp the comicās title for himself. And if we read Suttonās paper, cited by Rekdal, Popeye didnāt start eating spinach and promoting it as health food until years after the character was first introducedāthus revealing the lack of a master propaganda plan behind the characterās creation. Sutton also cites evidence that spinach consumption was already sharply on the rise in the US between 1915 and 1928, which happens to be the year before Popeye appears.
Semmelweis, Schmemmelweis
Even cautionary tales of how urban legends arise told by skeptics are rife with the kinds of errors that promote urban legends. Sutton has identified several other such "supermyths.ā (I think āmeta-mythsā would be a better word for this specific kind of myth about myths, which are spread by the orthodox scientific and skeptic community to promote healthy skepticism.) One of them is the cautionary tale of Ignaz Semmelweis. He was the famed doctor who discovered that simple hygiene could reduce the rate of puerperal fever in maternity wards, but whose ideas were so badly received by the medical community, it literally drove him insane. In fact, Semmelweis wasnāt the first one to suggest hygiene as a way to prevent spreading disease to mothers in labor; there are other credible reasons why he would be unpopular in the medical community; and he did eventually die insane, but the likely cause was syphilis (a disease carried by 30% of Vienna in Semmelweisā day) or Alzheimerās. He lived a happy life, married a woman half his age, and had five children before his illness took hold. And while he was beaten in an asylum, asylums were frequently awful places back then, and far from being murdered by the medical establishment, he may have sustained his injuries resisting involuntary commitmentāhe was committed by his own family after he began exhibiting inappropriate behavior, such as arriving to dinner naked.
So all the core components of this metamyth are false. But Semmelweis was made a hero of science via the concerted efforts of Hungarians living in union under Austria and harboring nationalist tendencies.
But Dr. Mike Sutton is far from a stranger to controversy. A few years after his apparently invigorating attacks on Popeye, he goes for a gut punch to one of the greatest idols in science. Who do we think of when we picture a scientist? Newton and Einstein, of courseāand Darwin. Sutton analyzes old sources in order to argue that Darwin plagiarized the theory of natural selection from Scottish scientist Mike Sutton. At least thatās what I think he says, because Wikipedia says soāI havenāt read his book, Nullius in Verba. The Wikipedia article on Mike Sutton carries a slew of warnings about neutral PoV, such as, āa major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subjectā and āthis article may be written from a fanās point of view.ā
While most people, on learning about Suttonās supermyth findings, have been rather good sports about it, I highly doubt that anyone will have an easy time accepting that Darwin did not, in fact, develop the theory of natural selection independently. Perhaps Sutton will, in old age, develop dementia, and fifty years from now, some VR blog projected on your contact lens camera/screen will be telling the cautionary tale of how Sutton was driven mad by the publicās failure to accept his findings.
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