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So, starting from the top: GALAR PARTICLES AREN'T REAL AND THEY CAN'T HURT ME. We have decided in this house to just axe "Galar Particles" as some kind of distinct thing because they serve zero actual purpose. That's just Dynamax Energy.

Moving on from that:

How Does This Shit Work?

"Dynamax Energy" is really just a fancy phrase for a particular form of radiation emitted by Eternatus, parts of its body (by way of wishing stars, etc.), and certain materials that have absorbed that same energy. Power Spots are areas where this radiation is considerably stronger and more concentrated. They are not necessarily limited to places with Wishing Stars or Eternatus bits or whatever—in fact, the number of Power Spots across Galar has been steadily growing. There are more power spots than there were a year ago than there were five years ago than there were ten years ago. (Calyrex is trying his best guys but he's getting old. :c)

Wishing Stars, as part of Eternatus' body, are capable of absorbing and somewhat insulating this radiation and later re-releasing it. This method is extremely imprecise, however, and effectively only works well if you're trying to prevent your pokémon from Dynamaxing (or avoid radiation poisoning). Dynamax Bands were developed as a way of controlling the phenomenon more actively.

The long and short of it is that pokémon respond to this energy surrounding them by Dynamaxing, during which they absorb a great deal of that radiation into their bodies. Dynamax bands, as "functionally a wishing star strapped into a computer", provide trainers control over the release of this energy, allowing pokémon to Dynamax at will. If the Dynamax Energy is cut off, the pokémon will revert to normal.

Prior to Professor Magnolia's research, two things can be assumed true: 1. Dynamaxing was considered incredibly dangerous and risky, and it was far less common to see, to the point of being a once-in-a-lifetime experience for most people. 2. Nobody actively sought out the Power Spots or dynamax pokémon.

Professor Magnolia was the first person to identify that Wishing Stars were the key to controlling the phenomenon and accurately document how it worked, and in doing so ignited the public interest in Dynamaxing to the point where it got adopted by the Galar League just a decade or so later.

This was in fact not ideal, because,

Dynamaxing Is Fucked Up Guys

Beyond being radiation and all the assumed complications that come along with that (sorry fam I'm not going over all that here. My headcanon posts are strictly for fictional bullshit), it turns out that kaiju-ifying your pokémon has some CONSEQUENCES.

First and foremost is control: pokémon struggle to maintain control over their own strength while Dynamaxed, in much the same way that you'd probably have trouble doing much of anything if you were suddenly 50 feet tall with the strength to match. Max Moves are a direct result of this; attacks used while Dynamaxed are extremely powerful and extremely imprecise.

In the same vein, pokémon are notably sensitive to this energy. Broadly speaking, pokémon are capable of sensing dynamax energy in a way that humans simply are not. Wild pokémon tend to be more agitated and aggressive around wild power spots, particularly more powerful ones. However, this particular phenomenon is rather poorly documented at this point in time.

Needless to say, that's still very true when the pokémon themselves are Dynamaxed. Pokémon also don't really have the full & complete capacity to process what the hell is happening to them when they absorb Dynamax Energy. It's pretty upsetting and, frankly, rather uncomfortable to experience. Not necessarily moreso than getting your ass kicked in a battle normally is, though, so... yay, ethics?

That said, we move on to the big problem with Dynamaxing.

There is no way to release Dyamax energy once it has been absorbed by a pokémon. On the plus side, this makes pokémon considerably more powerful each consecutive time they dynamax, or absorb dynamax energy through other means (like dynamax candies. Yes, this is just Dynamax Level.) On the downside, you can imagine why an excess build-up of "radiation that pisses pikachu off real bad" is kind of a bad thing. The buildup of this energy causes even more agitation in pokémon exposed to it and slowly but steadily causes higher aggression over time if it goes on for too long, or if exposed to too great of a source of Dynamax Energy (such as the Max Lair). But wait, it gets worse!

There is an as-of-yet unobserved point wherein a pokémon has absorbed so much dynamax energy that they can no longer revert to their regular form. (Because Dynamaxing being common is about fifty years old at most, nobody has really been engaging with it for long enough to have this consequences come about. Yet.) Once that point is reached, Wishing Stars and Dynamax bands are no longer effective. There is no way to un-kaiju your pikachu. So, functionally, the entire Galar League is a ticking time bomb.

What About Dynamax Bands Tho?

To Rose's credit, which he deserves very little, the power spots in gyms are not especially powerful. The level of radiation emitted compared to natural power spots is minuscule, and so pokémon are really only exposed to a small amount of it at a time for each battle. However, the previous issue of "not being able to get rid of Dynamax Energy" still applies. Long-term minor radiation is, unfortunately, still radiation.

That said, Dynamax bands are built with a few artificial limitations in mind due to the issues outlined above. One being the three turn limit. There's really nothing actually preventing a pokémon from remaining Dynamaxed for over three turns beyond... it's probably not good for it. While the effects of Dynamax Energy on pokémon is rather under-observed at this point in time, "is this, like, actually safe for them?" is very much a concern that has been raised.

All current research suggests that when exposure is limited appropriately, there are no lasting side effects of Dynamaxing. However, it's unpleasant for the pokémon to remain Dynamaxed for an extended period of time and, given the aggression noted above, it's not exactly wise to do so, either. So the three-turn limit on Dynamaxing in official matches was implemented in the interest of safety, and then cooked into the Dynamax Bands later for good measure.

The other artificial limit baked into Dynamax Bands is the one pokémon per battle rule. This one is more implemented for the sake of sportsmanship than anything, though. Because who the fuck wants to watch a battle where everyone is Dynamaxing every single one of their pokémon every single round? It gets old fast.