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1. I understand him. DO = him = lo Yo lo entiendo.

2. He kisses her. DO = her = la Él la besa.

3. They invite us. DO = us = nos Ellos nos invitan.

4. I see them (m). DO = them (m) = los Yo los veo.

5. Paco loves her. DO = her = la Paco la quiere.

6. I need you (fam). DO = you (fam) = te Yo te necesito.

7. He looks for them (f). DO = them (f) = las Él las busca.

8. They visit us. DO = us = nos Ellos nos visitan.

9. Who knows her? DO = her = la ¿Quién la conoce?

10. Nobody calls him. DO = him = lo Nadie lo llama.

11. You believe me. DO = me = me Tu me crees.

12. I wait for you (pl). DO = you (pl) = os Yo os espero.

13. She criticizes us. DO = us = nos Ella nos critica.

14. I look at him and her. DO = him & her = los Yo los miro.

15. They hug you (fam). DO = you = te Ellos te abrazan.

Replace the direct object noun with a direct object pronoun.

1. Tú compras los refrescos. DO = los frescos = los Tú los compras.

2. Tú y yo comemos las langostas. DO = las langostas = las Tú y yo las comemos.

3. Ellos miran el menú. DO = el menú = lo Ellos lo miran.

4. Yo invito a mis amigos. DO = amigos = mis amigos = los Yo los invito.

5. Roberto ve a Berta. DO = Berta = la Roberto la ve.

6. Esos señores quieren la cuenta. DO = la cuenta = la Ellos la quieren.

7. José pide el jamón. DO = el jamón = lo Él lo pide.

8. Yo no conozco a tu camarero. DO = tu camerero = lo No lo conozco.

9. Tú y yo esperamos nuestra cena. DO = nuestra casa = la Tú y yo la esperamos.

10. Ud. come un sándwich de jamón. DO = un sándwich de jamón = lo Ud lo come.

11. Ana cocina un pastel y unas galletas. DO = un pastel y unas galletas = los Ana los cocina.

12. Yo traigo mucha carne. DO = la carne = la Yo lo traigo.

13. Uds. invitan a Lola y a Maga a cenar. DO = Lola y Maga = las Uds las invitan.

The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun.

The indirect object pronoun tells us where the direct object pronoun is going and tells us for whom or to whom.

The third person forms le and les are used for both feminine and masculine objects.

The direct object pronoun receives the action from the subject and also answers the questions what? Or whom?

me - me te - you lo - him, it la - her, it nos - us os - you (pl) los - them las - them

Spanish Indefinite Pronouns indicate in a vague or unspecific way the people or things discussed in a sentence. The most commonly used are:

Used when the direct object and indirect object of a verb refer to the same person. Used often in Spanish.

Refers to something owned or possessed by someone.

Refers to something owned or possessed by someone.

The subject pronoun replaces the subject of a sentence.

Yo - I Tú - you Él - he Ella - she Nosotros - us Nosotras - us Vosotros - you (pl) Vosotras - you (pl) Ellos - they Ellas - they

Subject pronouns are usually omitted because verb conjugation endings tell who the subject is.

Que quieres ? What do you want?

Subject pronouns can be used as the subject of a verb, which may be implied.

Es ella? - It is her?

They can also be used as the predicate compliment after the verb ser.

A pronoun is a word or form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.

The term “personal” is used to signify the grammatical sense; personal pronouns are not limited to people and can also refer to animals and objects.

Common types include:

What is the function of an indefinite article? An indefinite article refers to something in general. What is an indefinite article in English? a, an, some

Un Una Unos Unas

un gato - a male cat una gata - a female cat unos gatos - some male cats unas gatas - some female cats

The article that accompanies the noun must agree in gender AND number with that noun.

In Spanish, all nouns carry gender, either masculine (M) or feminine (F). In order to tell whether a noun is M or F look at the ending for a clue. Except for some irregular exceptions, the ending will automatically distinguish the noun as M or F.

Irregular exceptions:

What is the function of a definite article? A definite article refers to something specific. What is a definite article in English? the. El La Los Las

el gato - the male cat la gata - the female cat los gatos - the male cats las gatas - the female cats

The article that accompanies the noun must agree in gender AND number with that noun.

In Spanish, all nouns carry gender, either masculine (M) or feminine (F). In order to tell whether a noun is M or F look at the ending for a clue. Except for some irregular exceptions, the ending will automatically distinguish the noun as M or F.

Irregular exceptions:

The Spanish imperfect progressive is formed with the imperfect of estar + gerund of the action verb.

Estaba siendo - I was being - Not used Estaba estando - I was being - Not used Estaba yendo - I was going Estaba teniendo - I was having - Not used Estaba queriendo - I was wanting Estaba comiendo - I was eating Estaba pudiendo - I was being able - Not used Estaba dejando - I was leaving Estaba preguntando - I was asking Estaba creyendo - I was believing Estaba rompiendo - I was breaking Estaba trayendo - I was bringing Estaba comprando - I was buying Estaba cancelando - I was cancelling

The Spanish imperfect progressive is very similar to English (was + -ing). In both languages, the imperfect progressive expresses an action that was in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another event.

Examples: Estaba estudiando cuando llamaste - I was studying when you called.

Lo vi cuando estábamos caminando - I saw him when we were walking.

¿Estabas leyendo ahora mismo? - Were you reading just now?

Note - The preterite progressive is rarely used in everyday Spanish.

The Spanish preterite progressive is formed with the preterite of estar + gerund of the action verb

The Spanish preterite progressive is very similar to the imperfect progressive. Both the preterite progressive and imperfect progressive indicate an action that was in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another event. However, the use of the preterite progressive stresses the fact that the action was completed at the time of the interruption.

Example: Estuve estudiando hasta que llamaste - I was studying until you called.

Lo vi cuando estuvimos caminando - I saw him when we were walking (and then we stopped walking).

¿Estuviste leyendo ahora mismo? - Were you reading just now?

A disjunctive pronoun is a stressed form of a personal pronoun reserved for use in isolation or in certain syntactic contexts.

Disjunctive pronouns (also known as tonic or stressed pronouns) refer to people whose names have already been mentioned or whose identity is obvious from context. They are used in a variety of situations, most often in short answers without verbs, for emphasis, or for contrast with subject pronouns.

Examples: