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Platelet rich plasma PRP therapy is a type of regenerative medicine that employs a patient’s own platelets to address medical and aesthetic concerns. By administering injections of their own platelet concentrate, the body’s natural healing mechanisms are activated.

Magnetic and hotplate stirrers aren’t usually the most expensive items in the lab, but they can be some of the most useful. However, there are many types to pick from, and not all will be perfect for your use. As a result, you should carefully analyze your options.

In an earlier post, we highlighted several broad deciding considerations when selecting a stirrer, such as longevity and maintenance. In this section, we look at variables to consider when selecting a magnetic or hotplate stirrer:

Capacity

Safety features

Sample viscosity

Temperature range

Accuracy

Let’s take a look at each of these in turn:

Capability

Capacity is an important consideration when selecting the best magnetic stirrer with hot plate. Surprisingly, certain stirrers can handle relatively huge quantities. The AREX CerAlTopTM Hot Plate Stirrer (below left) can handle up to 20L, and Ohaus Advanced Large Capacity Stirrers (below right) have capacities of 100L or 200L. 

Please keep in mind that your stirrer may not be able to handle quantities up to the maximum specified for higher viscosity samples (more on this below).

Security Features

Safety is the most important consideration in any stirring application. This is particularly true when using a hotplate stirrer.

You may come across the following safety features:

Speed ramping: This feature allows you to gradually increase the speed to avoid splashing.

A hot top warning indicator indicates when a hotplate stirrer is hot (usually above 50°C). 

Stir protection: If the stirrer motor stops or fails, the heating will turn off immediately.

Probe protection: Similar to stir protection, if the probe disengages from the sample, the heater will turn off.

Current limit protection: This safeguards against high currents that could cause a fire.

High-temperature setting: This function allows you to program the maximum temperature the hotplate can achieve, which is especially useful if you have samples with sensitive flash points.

Safety shields: Available as add-ons for some units, these shields protect against splashes, spills, and aerosols.

Sample Viscosity

When working with viscous materials, your stir bar is more likely to get uncoupled than when working with less viscous samples. Many variables are at play here, including sample size, stirring speed, and the type of stir bar used. When it comes to the stirrer, a stronger magnetic coupling is required to limit the possibility of the stir bar spinning out.

You may think that greater capacity stirrers can manage higher viscosities, however this is not necessarily the case. It all relies on the strength of the drive magnet. VELP Scientifica stirrers, for example, have powerful drive magnets. However, magnetic stirrers are often only suitable for liquids with a low viscosity.

Temperature Range

Of course, for hotplate stirrers, you must guarantee that the temperature is high enough for your application. The MS-H280-Pro Digital Hotplate Stirrer (below left) can reach temperatures of up to 250°C, whilst the AREC Digital Ceramic Hot Plate Stirrer (below right) can reach temperatures of up to 550°C.

Keep in mind that your sample will not reach the maximum temperature of your stirrer, so you’ll need a hotplate stirrer that can give a temperature higher than what your sample requires.

When it comes to temperature, range isn’t the only thing to consider; uniformity may be as well. In terms of plate material, this is where there may be a trade-off. Aluminum plates are more consistent, but ceramic plates are more chemical resistant and easier to clean. However, many plates are constructed of aluminum but have a ceramic coating, allowing you to have the best of both worlds.

Accuracy

When selecting a stirrer, accuracy may not be the first thing that comes to mind, but it can be an essential aspect for some applications, especially if you want to assure repeatability or plan to scale up your operation.

One of the most important considerations to make when it comes to precision is whether to use a digital or analog stirrer, with the latter generally delivering less accuracy.

A table top centrifuge is a crucial piece of equipment for laboratories, offering accuracy in the density-based separation of particles and chemicals. The correct table top centrifuge can streamline your productivity and improve the accuracy of your results for everything from simple sample preparation to complex research. However, selecting the best table top centrifuge for your lab necessitates a careful consideration of a number of variables. We’ll walk you through the important factors in this guide to enable you to make an informed choice.

Significant Considerations

Size and Rate of Throughput:

The centrifuge’s capacity is the most important factor. Establish the maximum number of samples per processing cycle that you’ll use. Make sure the centrifuge you choose can handle your typical sample load without becoming overcrowded, as this can influence the effectiveness of the separation process.

Compatible Rotor Speed and Speed:

Variable centrifugation speeds are needed for various purposes. Make sure the centrifuge has interchangeable rotors so you may customise it for various research. Some types let you customize the speed, giving you more options for your investigation.

Rates of acceleration and deceleration

For sample integrity and time effectiveness, rapid acceleration and deceleration are essential. To meet the unique needs of your samples, look for a table top centrifuge with customizable acceleration and deceleration settings.

Types of Samples and Compatible Tubes:

Think about the tubes and containers your lab typically uses. Check to see if the centrifuge can handle the materials and tube sizes needed for your investigations, such as microtubes, PCR strips, and bigger conical tubes.

Temperature control and refrigeration:

Select a table top centrifuge with refrigeration capabilities if your tests need to be controlled in terms of temperature. For uses like DNA/RNA extraction and temperature-sensitive tests, this is crucial.

safety attributes

Safety is of the utmost importance in lab settings. To safeguard your samples and the apparatus, check that the centrifuge has safety features including lid locks, unbalance detection, and auto-shutdown systems.

Space & Footprint Restrictions:

Analyse the space that is available in your lab. Choose a table top centrifuge that fits comfortably in your office without being too crowded because they come in a variety of sizes.

Interface and controls for users:

The learning curve for laboratory employees can be shortened by an intuitive user interface and simple controls. Select a centrifuge that has a clear display and simple-to-use settings.

Upkeep and serviceability

Take into account how simple maintenance is and whether service support is offered. Choose a centrifuge from a trustworthy company that has a history of providing dependable customer service.

Budgetary Factors:

Last but not least, match your decision to your financial limitations. Although purchasing high-quality equipment is crucial, there are numerous types offered at various price points to fit your budget.

Conclusion: Centrifugation is precise

Essential laboratory equipment, magnetic stirrers with hot plates are frequently utilised in mixing and heating operations. The lifetime and dependability of these equipment must be guaranteed in order to maintain a seamless laboratory operation. The long-term durability of Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates will be improved in this tutorial, with an emphasis on maximising their performance and lifespan.

Top Techniques for Long-Term Reliability

Reliable building and material choices:

Construction and material quality are the cornerstones of a long-lasting Magnetic Stirrer with Hot Plate. Investing in models built of premium, long-lasting materials guarantees that the apparatus can survive the rigours of regular laboratory use.

Continual Upkeep:

A regular maintenance regimen must be put in place for Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates to last over time. This include washing the appliance, checking for damage, and lubricating moving parts in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

appropriate operation

It’s important to follow the laboratory equipment manufacturers operating instructions. The device’s lifespan can be considerably increased by keeping it within the allotted temperature and speed ranges and avoiding sudden changes in settings.

Load distribution that is balanced:

To avoid placing an excessive amount of strain on the motor and moving parts, distribute the load uniformly across the magnetic stirring surface. A hot plate that is overloaded may heat unevenly and become less durable.

Cooldown Intervals:

After prolonged use, wait for the Magnetic Stirrer with Hot Plate to cool down before turning it off or cleaning. Thermal stress from abrupt temperature changes might reduce a device’s durability.

Utilise Vessels That Comply:

Make sure the containers or jars you use are appropriate for the magnetic stirrer. Utilising the wrong or larger-than-needed vessels might put stress on the motor and shorten the stirrer’s lifespan.

Keep Chemical Corrosion at Bay:

If there are any corrosive chemical spills or splashes, clean them up right away to avoid having the hot plate’s surface corrode over time and compromising the device’s performance.

Temperature regulation and overheating defense:

Use the temperature control capabilities carefully and, if available, take advantage of the overheating prevention features. These features support the hot plate’s long-term functionality by assisting in preventing overheating.

User Education and Awareness

Make sure that every user has received the necessary instruction in the proper handling, upkeep, and safety procedures for Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates. Users who are knowledgeable are more likely to use the equipment correctly, extending its lifespan.

Spend money on dependable brands:

Choose magnetic stirrers made by renowned and respected companies. In their products, well-known brands frequently put durability and quality first.

Final Thoughts: Extending the Life of Your Equipment

Maximizing the life of magnetic stirrers with hot plates is crucial for smooth operations because they are priceless lab tools. You may considerably increase the long-term longevity of your Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates by adhering to best practices, carrying out routine maintenance, utilizing appropriate vessels, and making quality purchases. In addition to saving money by avoiding frequent replacements, a well maintained magnetic stirrer guarantees dependable operation over the course of its prolonged lifespan.

Essential laboratory equipment, magnetic stirrers with hot plates are frequently utilised in mixing and heating operations. The lifetime and dependability of these equipment must be guaranteed in order to maintain a seamless laboratory operation. The long-term durability of Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates will be improved in this tutorial, with an emphasis on maximising their performance and lifespan.

Top Techniques for Long-Term Reliability

Reliable building and material choices:

Construction and material quality are the cornerstones of a long-lasting Magnetic Stirrer with Hot Plate. Investing in models built of premium, long-lasting materials guarantees that the apparatus can survive the rigours of regular laboratory use.

Continual Upkeep:

A regular maintenance regimen must be put in place for Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates to last over time. This include washing the appliance, checking for damage, and lubricating moving parts in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

appropriate operation

It’s important to follow the laboratory equipment manufacturers operating instructions. The device’s lifespan can be considerably increased by keeping it within the allotted temperature and speed ranges and avoiding sudden changes in settings.

Load distribution that is balanced:

To avoid placing an excessive amount of strain on the motor and moving parts, distribute the load uniformly across the magnetic stirring surface. A hot plate that is overloaded may heat unevenly and become less durable.

Cooldown Intervals:

After prolonged use, wait for the Magnetic Stirrer with Hot Plate to cool down before turning it off or cleaning. Thermal stress from abrupt temperature changes might reduce a device’s durability.

Utilise Vessels That Comply:

Make sure the containers or jars you use are appropriate for the magnetic stirrer. Utilising the wrong or larger-than-needed vessels might put stress on the motor and shorten the stirrer’s lifespan.

Keep Chemical Corrosion at Bay:

If there are any corrosive chemical spills or splashes, clean them up right away to avoid having the hot plate’s surface corrode over time and compromising the device’s performance.

Temperature regulation and overheating defense:

Use the temperature control capabilities carefully and, if available, take advantage of the overheating prevention features. These features support the hot plate’s long-term functionality by assisting in preventing overheating.

User Education and Awareness

Make sure that every user has received the necessary instruction in the proper handling, upkeep, and safety procedures for Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates. Users who are knowledgeable are more likely to use the equipment correctly, extending its lifespan.

Spend money on dependable brands:

Choose magnetic stirrers made by renowned and respected companies. In their products, well-known brands frequently put durability and quality first.

Final Thoughts: Extending the Life of Your Equipment

Maximizing the life of magnetic stirrers with hot plates is crucial for smooth operations because they are priceless lab tools. You may considerably increase the long-term longevity of your Magnetic Stirrers with Hot Plates by adhering to best practices, carrying out routine maintenance, utilizing appropriate vessels, and making quality purchases. In addition to saving money by avoiding frequent replacements, a well maintained magnetic stirrer guarantees dependable operation over the course of its prolonged lifespan.

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Benchtop centrifuges are used in laboratories to separate and filter molecular mixtures in liquid media based on their density gradient. Centrifugation is widely used in biochemistry laboratories for investigating and isolating cells, subcellular fractions, molecular complexes, and biological macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. Centrifuges are high-speed machines that use vacuum, gravitational acceleration, and centrifugal force to separate molecules from liquid mixtures while avoiding scorching the samples. In 1924, Nobel Laureate Theodor Svedberg invented the first analytical centrifuge for sediment monitoring. Later, in the 1940s, Claude and his colleagues refined the centrifugation method, which became the foundation of biomedical and biological research over the next few decades. Small-capacity benchtop centrifuges are becoming an essential tool for routine biomedical research.

The particles are evenly disseminated in a medium prior to centrifugation. The denser particles in the medium sink to the bottom during centrifugation, while the lighter particles rise. The top liquid fraction obtained following centrifugation is referred to as “supernatant.” The part that sinks to the bottom is referred to as “pellet.” The supernatant and the pellet have an interaction. The fraction of particles left in the pellet after centrifugation is referred to as particle recovery. This recovery is affected by particle density and size.

What exactly is a bench top centrifuge?

A benchtop centrifuge is a tiny, laboratory-grade centrifuge intended for use on a laboratory bench or countertop. Centrifugal force is commonly employed to separate substances in a liquid or solid mixture. This type of centrifuge is extensively used in medical, scientific, and industrial contexts to isolate cells or cell components, separate blood components, purify proteins and nucleic acids, and prepare samples for analysis.

Benchtop centrifuges are available in a variety of sizes and configurations, and can be powered by electricity or a hand crank. Depending on the model, they may also have different features and capabilities, such as the ability to adjust the rotor speed, the capacity to hold different types of tubes or other containers, and the ability to run for a specific amount of time or until a certain number of revolutions have been completed. Some tabletop centrifuges are intended to be used in conjunction with a cooling system, while others can be operated at room temperature.

Benchtop Centrifuge Types

Benchtop centrifuges are classified into numerous categories, including:

Microcentrifuges: These are small, lightweight centrifuges designed to handle small amounts of liquid, typically 0.2 to 2 mL. They are often employed for cell separation, DNA and RNA isolation, and sample preparation for analysis.

Mini centrifuges: Mini centrifuges take up even less area than ordinary tabletop centrifuges. They have an eight-tube maximum processing capacity and a maximum speed of 6000rpm. These centrifuges are great for laboratories with limited space, however they may not be appropriate for laboratories with high production.

Plate Centrifuges: Plate centrifuges are widely used in PCR laboratories. These centrifuges make certain that all reagents are placed to the bottom of the wells for accurate concentrations and results. A maximum horizontal spin speed of 400xg is possible with plate centrifuges. To avoid spillage, these benchtop centrifuges use a distinctive “wing-out rotor design.”

Refrigerated Centrifuges: Temperature-sensitive samples require cooled centrifuges since even minor temperature changes can destroy them. These seem nearly identical to their non-refrigerated cousins. They do, however, allow temperature adjustment between -10°C and 40°C.

Tabletop centrifuges: These are larger, heavier-duty centrifuges designed for use with larger amounts of liquid, typically 10 to 100 mL. They are frequently utilized in the separation of blood components, the purification of proteins, and the isolation of cell components.

High-speed centrifuges: These are powerful centrifuges with high-speed rotors that can achieve extremely high centrifugal forces. They are typically employed to separate particles that are denser or heavier than the surrounding liquid in a combination.

Refrigerated centrifuges: Refrigerated centrifuges are those that have a cooling system that keeps the samples at a consistent, low temperature during the centrifugation process. They are widely employed for separating biological samples that are temperature sensitive or for working with samples that require low-temperature storage.

Centrifuges with fixed-angle rotors: These have a fixed-angle rotor, which implies that the tubes or containers being spun are held at a fixed angle relative to the axis of rotation. They are frequently employed for particle separation based on size or density.

Swinging bucket rotor centrifuges: These centrifuges have a swinging bucket rotor, which allows the tubes or containers being spun to vary angle relative to the axis of rotation while the rotor rotates. They are frequently employed for particle separation based on size or density.

Different types of centrifuge rotors

In a centrifuge, numerous types of rotors can be employed, including:

Fixed-angle rotors: Set-angle rotors are intended to hold tubes or containers at a set angle relative to the axis of rotation. They are frequently employed for particle separation based on size or density.

Swinging bucket rotors: Swinging bucket rotors are designed to hold tubes or containers in a swinging bucket, allowing them to alter angle relative to the axis of rotation as the rotor spins. They are frequently employed for particle separation based on size or density.

Vertical rotors: Vertical rotors are intended to hold tubes or containers vertically, with the axis of rotation passing through the center of the tubes. They’re frequently employed to separate cells or cell components.

Horizontal rotors: Horizontal rotors are intended to hold tubes or containers horizontally, with the axis of rotation running perpendicular to the tubes. They are frequently used to separate blood components or to purify proteins.

Zonal rotors: These rotors are meant to support vertical tubes or containers, with the axis of rotation passing through the center of the tubes. They are separated into zones, each with its own centrifugal force. They’re frequently employed to separate cells or cell components based on size or density.

Benchtop Centrifuge Principle

The gravitational force ‘g’ (g = 9.81ms-2) exerted by the Earth’s gravitational field causes substances to separate based on their density. The sedimentation rate increases when these samples are accelerated in a centrifugal field (G > 9.81ms-2). The relative gravitational field is frequently represented as a multiple of gravitational acceleration. When employing benchtop centrifuges, underlying factors must be addressed.

The more dense biomolecules sediment faster in a centripetal field.

The larger the mass of a molecule, the faster it settles in the centripetal field.

The biological structure moves slowly via a more dense buffer system.

The particle’s velocity decreases as the coefficient of friction increases.

Particles settle faster under higher centrifugal forces.

When the density of a biomolecule matches that of the surrounding medium, its sedimentation rate becomes zero.

A biological medium’s frictional force in a viscous medium acts in the opposite direction of sedimentation. It is equal to the product of the particle’s velocity and frictional coefficient. As previously stated, the centrifugal field is related to the Earth’s gravitational field. At a given radius and speed, the relative centrifugal field (RCF) is the ratio of centrifugal force to standard gravitational acceleration.

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In the intricate world of molecular biology, where the tiniest details can lead to groundbreaking discoveries, having the right tools at your fingertips is crucial. Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or a budding scientist, the success of your experiments often hinges on the precision and quality of the equipment you use.

This blog is your go-to-resource for creating a lab which is modern and well-equipped to suit your day to day applications. Let’s explore the absolute must-haves.

1. Precision Pipettes: Because Accuracy is everything

A basic but one of the most important instruments for your lab. These handheld devices come in various sizes and are capable of dispensing minimal volumes of samples with astonishing accuracy. At the same time, you should go for ergonomic pipettes that provide ease of use and minimize repeated stress injury (RSI)

2. Filter Tips and Low Retention Tips: No Room for Contaminants

Filter tips are specially designed with PE filters to eliminate chances of aerosol contamination in your samples. Ideally, they should be free from any chemical additives and it should have a high transparency index and clear graduations.

In molecular biology labs, we often work with very low quantities of samples and in that case, every microliter makes a difference. Low retention tips are specially designed pipette tips that reduce the adhesion of various materials like DNA, enzymes, proteins, and cells to the tip surface so that you don’t lose any bit of your sample in pipetting.

3. PCR Consumables : Precision for every reaction

To harness the full potential of a Polymerase chain reaction, you need PCR tubes that have uniform wall thickness to enable consistent heat transfer across the tube. Ultra thin PCR tubes are ideal because it improves thermal exchange with the block.

Along with this, your lab essentials should also include PCR plates, PCR tube strips and PCR seals.

4. Deepwell Plates: Ease with high throughput study

These plates are designed to accommodate larger volumes of liquid and are a staple for high-throughput experiments such as DNA extraction, plasmid purification, and cell culture. Deepwell plates with alphanumeric indexing and easy stacking options will optimize your workflow.

Look for the basic parameters like the plates should be fully autoclavable, DNase, RNase free and chemically resistant to ensure safe long-term storage of samples.

5. Spin Columns & Filter plates : Filtration Made Simple

Purifying DNA, RNA, or proteins from complex mixtures will be made easy with spin columns. A must-have for easy isolation and purification of biomolecules. You can choose between various filter options like cellulose acetate, PVDF, glass fiber and PE based on your application. Explore Filter plates are designed for high throughput applications.

6. Centrifuges : Spinning Science Forward

There are various applications of a centrifuge in all kinds of laboratories. Be it Isolating a DNA, plasma separation or processing of different types of samples. Based on your requirement, you can choose between a wide range of benchtop centrifuges.

Some of Neuation’s top of the line lab centrifuges include iFugeFX2P , iFugeL400P

Particularly useful for molecular biology applications, where maintaining a temperature for sample processing is crucial, refrigerated centrifuges will help you secure the integrity of your biological material and temperature-sensitive assays.

7. Dry Bath: Controlled Heating for precise reactions

Temperature-sensitive reactions like PCR require a steady and controlled heat source. With interchangeable blocks to accommodate different tube sizes, a dry bath ensures your reactions proceed at the optimal temperature, paving the way for consistent and reproducible results.

Additionally, having an external temperature probe will help you escape guesswork. The dry bath should have a temperature range that fits your applications and heating should be uniform across the block.

8. Vortex Mixer: Unleash your mixology

Thorough mixing of reagents is essential for uniform results. A vortex mixer comes to the rescue by providing rapid and uniform mixing. From re-suspending pellets to preparing homogeneous solutions, this simple yet indispensable tool ensures your samples are well-mixed and ready for the next step.

A brushless DC motor will provide a longer, maintenance-free life to your machine. A good vortex mixer can also be used in hood and cold rooms to optimize your workflow further.

9. Homogenizer: Mortar and Pestle has been overthrown

A homogenizer uses mechanical force to disrupt samples, ensuring that all components are fully accessible for subsequent analysis. Quicken the pace of extracting samples from bacterial/yeast cells, plant tissue and animal tissue.

Choosing a homogenizer over mortar and pestle will give you the advantage of speed, high sample output and better shearing force.

Quality and Performance: An absolute essential for any lab

Not every centrifuge, homogenizer or dry bath is the same. It varies greatly depending on the manufacturing, technology used and overall quality. Neuation has dedicated itself to creating high-performance benchtop equipment that will become your ideal lab partner.

We are on a mission to provide researchers, the power of modern, cutting-edge technology to support their scientific quests.

With a strong focus on user-centric designs and accuracy of results, our range of benchtop equipment offer the perfect blend of efficiency and durability with the best in class UI.

Centrifuges are common laboratory tools used to remove particles from a solution. These particles are sorted based on the medium's size, shape, density, and viscosity. The separation process is affected by the rotor speed.

Centrifuges are one of the most common pieces of laboratory equipment nowadays. They are found in a variety of laboratories, including chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology labs, and are employed in both research and therapeutic contexts.

Separation, purification, and isolation of organelles, cells, and cell components, as well as more complicated mixtures of nucleic acids, proteins, and viruses for further study, are some of their most common applications.

Although centrifuges have a lengthy history—they were first used to separate cream from milk in the late 1800s—their capabilities (maximum centrifugal force) did not experience much growth until biochemistry progressed, resulting in a subsequent demand for machines with higher levels of centrifugal force.

These demands—the necessity to separate cell components, and later, an increased demand in virus research—led to various advances in centrifugation technology, eventually culminating in the commercial centrifuge.

What Is the Purpose of a Centrifuge?

Centrifuges separate heterogeneous mixtures into their many components based on their densities - liquids in liquids, solids in liquids, and liquids in gasses. The separation of red blood cells and other blood components from whole blood is one of the most popular applications.

The sedimentation principle governs how a centrifuge works. The tendency of particles in suspension to settle out of the medium where they are confined and come to rest against a barrier is referred to as sedimentation. The centrifuge separates the particles from the solution using centrifugal acceleration.

The particles will sink to the bottom of the tube if the solution has a higher density than the solvent. The particles float to the top if the solution has a lower density than the solvent.

The larger the density difference between the solution and the solvent, the faster the particles migrate. If the density between the two remains constant, the particles in the solution remain stable.

In instances when particles must be separated from a solution with little to no variation in density, the centrifuge uses centrifugal force to separate the particles rather than gravity.

What Is the Function of a Centrifuge?

A centrifuge spins liquid samples at high speeds using a motor. The rotational speed of a centrifuge's rotor is commonly written as RCF, short for relative centrifugal force, in units of gravity (x g).

Many devices, however, will indicate the speed in RPM, or revolutions per minute. The dense components are pushed to the exterior of the container by centrifugal force, allowing the solids to settle fully and quickly.

Centrifuges are classified according to their size, sample volume, and rotor type. When it comes to purchasing a centrifuge for your laboratory, the rotor type is extremely important. This is because the rotor influences the types of programs you can run.

Additionally, centrifuges use glass or plastic tubes that fit into the rotor chambers. The samples that can be utilized in the unit are influenced by the size and type of sample tubes.

Glass tubes, for example, can be used with the majority of solvents but are frequently more expensive. When used properly, plastic tubes can be just as durable; however, water is the recommended solvent. If you need to work with larger samples, you should utilize centrifuge bottles rather than tubes.

Centrifuge Types and Applications

Bench Centrifuges for Small Areas

These centrifuges, also known as tabletop centrifuges, capture small amounts of material like yeast cells and erythrocytes. Small bench centrifuges have a maximum relative centrifugal field of 3,000 to 7,000 times the gravitational force, also known as g-force (g).

These are relatively slow in comparison to other solutions. These are general-purpose centrifuges that are among the most cost-effective alternatives on the market today.

Refrigerated Centrifuges with Large Capacity

A chilled rotor chamber is standard on large capacity refrigerated centrifuges. To accommodate a different size, the rotor chambers can be changed. They capture fast sedimenting material at a maximum speed of 6,500 g, similar to tiny tabletop models.

Refrigerated High-Speed Centrifuges

High-speed centrifuges are similar to large capacity types, but they can achieve speeds of up to 60,000 g. These models may gather bigger cellular organelles, cellular detritus, bacteria, and ammonium sulfate-precipitated proteins. A refrigerated rotor chamber is also available in refrigerated variants.

Centrifuges ultrasonic

Ultra centrifuges are designed to spin at extremely high speeds, up to 1,000,000 g (9,800 kilometers per second or 6,089 miles per second). Centrifuges of this type are classified as either preparative or analytical.

Ultracentrifuges for Preparation

Preparative ultracentrifuges have a capacity of 600,000 g. They are used to determine the shape and mass of macromolecules, as well as to separate lipoprotein molecules from plasma and for a variety of other purposes. Preparative ultracentrifuges have refrigerated, sealed, and evacuated chambers.

Ultracentrifuges for Analytical Purposes

There are three optical systems available with an analytical ultracentrifuge: a light absorption system, the Schlieren system, and the Rayleigh interferometric system.

The Schlieren and Rayleigh systems are used to detect changes in the solution's refractive index, whereas a light absorption system detects changes by ultraviolet light absorption. These models weigh around 500,000 g.

At Neuation Technologies, we take pride in offering a comprehensive range of laboratory equipment, including magnetic stirrers, hot plate stirrers, and overhead stirrers.

Our magnetic stirrers are designed for efficient mixing and agitation of liquid samples. With powerful magnetic fields and adjustable stirring speeds, they ensure reliable and consistent performance for various applications.

For heating and stirring capabilities combined, our hot plate stirrers are the perfect choice. They offer precise temperature control and stirring options, making them ideal for tasks that require both heating and mixing.

Centrifuges

Centrifuges are large machines used to separate larger volumes of samples. They can be benchtop models, depending on the laboratory’s requirements. Centrifuges typically have a higher capacity than microcentrifuges and can accommodate larger volumes of samples. They also have higher speed capabilities, which means they can spin samples at higher speeds and generate more centrifugal force.

They are commonly used in clinical laboratories, where they are used to separate blood components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma. They are also used in research labs to separate proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular components.

Factors to consider when selecting a centrifuge include the maximum speed, the maximum capacity, and the number and type of rotors that the centrifuge can accommodate. Other factors to consider include the noise level, the ease of use, and the price.

Microcentrifuges

Microcentrifuges are smaller, benchtop models that are used to separate smaller volumes of samples. They are commonly used in molecular biology, biochemistry, and microbiology laboratories to separate cellular components such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. They are designed to accommodate smaller volumes of samples, typically between 0.2 & 2 ml.

They have a smaller footprint than centrifuges, making them ideal for labs with limited spaces. They also have a lower power requirement, which means they can be powered from a standard electrical outlet. Microcentrifuges typically have a lower speed capability than centrifuges, but they can still generate sufficient centrifugal force to separate small particles and components.

The factors to consider include the maximum speed, maximum capacity, and the number & type of rotors that the microcentrifuge can accommodate. Other factors to consider include the noise level, the ease of use, & price.

Centrifuge & microcentrifuges are essential pieces of equipment used in a wide variety of laboratory settings. They are used to separate particles and components of a sample based on their mass, size, and density. This separation is achieved by subjecting the sample to high-speed rotation, which creates centrifugal force. The different components of the sample are then separated based on their differential sedimentation rates, with the heavier components settling more quickly than the lighter ones.

Centrifuges and microcentrifuges differ mainly in their size & capacity. Microcentrifuges are smaller and can accommodate smaller volumes of samples than centrifuges.

Centripetal or Centrifugal Force?

The terms “centripetal” and “centrifugal” are often used to describe the forces that act on objects moving in a circular path, but they refer to different things.

Centripetal force is the force that keeps an object moving in a circular path. It is always directed towards the center of the circle and is required to prevent the object from flying off a straight line.

Centrifugal force, on the other hand, is a term used to describe the apparent force that seems to push an object away from the center of a circular path. It is not a real force, but rather an effect of the object’s inertia, which causes it to continue moving in a straight line even as it follows a curved path.

Centrifugation is a technique used to separate mixtures based on the differences in particle density, size, or shape. There are several types of centrifugation methods, including:

Differential Centrifugal 

This is the most common type of centrifugation used for the separation of cellular components. In this method, a mixture is subjected to low-speed centrifugation to separate large particles like nuclei, mitochondria, and other organelles from the smaller particles like proteins, lipids, and nucleotides.

Density Gradient Centrifugation

This method is used for the separation of particles based on their density. A density gradient is created in a tube by layering a sample on top of a gradient medium. Upon centrifugation, particles move through the gradient and eventually settle at their respective positions depending on their density.

Ultracentrifugation

This is a high-speed centrifugation method used for the separation of particles in a sample. It can be used to separate particles based on their size, shape, and density. This method is used extensively in biochemistry and molecular biology to isolate macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipoproteins.

Isopycnic Centrifugation

This method is used to separate particles of similar density. In this method, a sample is subjected to high-speed centrifugation in a density gradient medium. Upon centrifugation, particles with similar density settle at the same position in the gradient, forming a band.

Preparative Centrifugation

This is a large-scale centrifugation method to purify molecules or particles from a complex mixture. It is commonly used in industrial processes like the purification of enzymes, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products.

While centrifugation is a routine procedure in many laboratories, it can also pose significant safety risks if not handled properly. Here are some essential centrifuge safety measures that should be followed:

Read the manual

Use appropriate tubes

Balance the load

Use appropriate speed & time settings

Wear appropriate PPE 

Inspect the rotor

Avoid opening the centrifuge while in operation

Clean the centrifuge

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Laboratory dry baths are essential scientific tools that enable users to conduct experiments and tests at precise temperatures by creating a controlled temperature environment. These devices are typically designed with a stainless steel chamber equipped with a sealed microprocessor control unit and a user-friendly digital interface located on the exterior front.

The top of the chamber contains an embedded aluminium heat block(s) that facilitates sample incubation and temperature regulation.

The heat block in a dry bath is linked to the heating control unit and features multiple conical pockets of varying sizes. These pockets are designed to accommodate sample containers of different sizes and allow users to conveniently incubate their samples at their desired temperature.

Modern dry baths are predominantly digital, featuring microchip technology that enables users to set precise temperature points and monitor real-time temperature fluctuations through an intuitive touchscreen user interface. This digital functionality eliminates the need for an external thermometer, which was previously required to adjust and monitor analog dry baths.

Digital dry baths of today come equipped with a wide range of customizable features that can be tailored to meet the specific needs for users. When in the process of buying a digital dry bath, there are several factors that one should take into consideration. These include:

1. Multiple Dry Baths or Multiple Heat Blocks?

Dry baths are suitable for various settings. Laboratories that require dry baths for a particular routine may opt for dry baths equipped with multiple heat blocks instead of purchasing multiple dry baths. This can be a cost-effective solution, as it allows users to perform multiple experiments or tests simultaneously within a single device.

For example, the iTherm D150-4 from Neuation is a four-block dry bath that can be customized to accommodate sample containers of various sizes. This versatility allows it to incubate multiple samples at a consistent temperature simultaneously, making it a highly efficient tool for laboratories. You can visit our product page for more information 

For routine work, dry baths with multiple heat blocks are cost-effective, while multiple individual dry baths are more flexible for research labs with varied protocols and multiple users.

2. Fixed or Removable Heat Block?

When selecting a dry bath, it’s essential to consider the number and composition of the heat blocks. For laboratories with specific sample requirements and testing protocols, it is advisable to opt for a dry bath with a fixed heat block. This allows users to select a heat block with pocket sizes compatible with their most commonly used container sizes, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency.

In contrast, laboratories that handle a variety of sample types or container sizes can find dry baths with removable heat blocks, such as the iTherm D150-1 and iTherm D150-4, to be more beneficial, which have removable aluminum heat blocks that can accommodate 0.5, 1.5, 2, 15, and 50mL conical tubes, 0.1ml/0.2ml PCR tubes used in most research, analytical, and clinical settings.

3. Temperature Range

Dry baths typically have the ability to generate temperatures ranging from 5°C above the surrounding environment up to 120°C. Newer dry bath models come equipped with cooling capabilities, allowing them to achieve temperatures below room temperature. The selection of temperature range is primarily dependent on the specific applications for which the dry bath will be used.

4. Temperature Fluctuation

Dry baths typically produce temperatures in increments of 0.1 to 0.3°C and offer comparable levels of accuracy and uniformity. It is generally recommended that temperature fluctuation should not exceed ±0.5°C to prevent any potential impact on biological and chemical tests. Fortunately, modern digital dry baths come equipped with a user calibration mode that allows users to verify and recalibrate the displayed temperature, ensuring consistent and reliable temperature control.

5. Additional Features

In addition to heat block and temperature-related features, many digital dry baths are also equipped with a timer function. This feature enables users to set a timer for the duration of the dry bath’s operation at a specific temperature, as well as monitor how long it has been running at that temperature. With the timer function, users can conveniently set their desired temperature and walk away, returning only when their work is complete.

Dry Baths Or Water Baths?

Dry baths are functionally similar to water baths. Although there are some differences, water baths and dry baths share many similarities in terms of functionality. While water baths are typically more versatile than dry baths, both types of equipment feature a stainless steel body with microprocessor-controlling units and digital or analog user interfaces.

What’s the Difference?

Dry baths are a viable alternative to water baths when it comes to transferring heat to samples, but each type of equipment has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. To determine which is best for a particular application, it is important to consider the following factors:

1. Temperature Range

Water baths use water, rather than air, to transfer heat from the source to samples. They can typically reach temperatures up to 99.9°C, but may not be suitable for temperatures outside of this range. Dry baths, on the other hand, are better suited for applications requiring temperatures above or below this range.

2. Temperature Sensitivity

Water has a higher heat capacity, allowing it to act as an insulator and maintain the desired temperature for a longer duration than air. Consequently, water baths are more appropriate for temperature-sensitive applications like enzymatic and serology tests and incubating large sample volumes. However, higher heat capacity also means that water baths consume more energy and take a longer time to reach the desired temperature than dry baths.

3. Chemical Compatibility and Risk of Ignition

The nature of the samples being tested is a critical factor to consider when choosing between water and dry baths. For instance, flammable liquids may require the use of water baths as a safety precaution in the event of container breakage. In such instances, the liquid will be diluted by mixing with water, reducing the risk of ignition. Conversely, dry baths are more suitable for chemicals that are incompatible with water, such as alkaline metals.

4. Risks of Sample Contamination

Water baths typically contain a large volume of water mixed with preservatives, making them more susceptible to microbial contamination. Consequently, they require more frequent cleaning and decontamination. In contrast, dry baths are preferred for handling sterile or contagious samples since they can be more easily sterilized and cleaned.

Conclusions

Dry baths offer several advantages over water baths as they don’t contain water or bath fluid, they are better suited to protect samples against cross-contamination. Sample blocks can be removed and autoclaved to further disinfect the unit, making dry baths suitable for aseptic research areas and also providing convenience for the users. Dry blocks are designed to firmly hold specific types of tubes, making them ideal for heating open containers like test tubes or PCR plates. Due to the direct connection between sample blocks and the heating element, dry baths can reach a set temperature within 15-30 minutes, whereas water baths may require up to 2 hours to reach the same temperature.

Check out Neuation’s Digital dry bath iTherm D150-1 and iTherm D150-4 if you are looking for a high-end dry bath that offers you several customizable features.