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Description “Section 45 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” The word “life” denotes the life of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context. Understanding Section 45 IPC Section 45 of the Indian Penal Code states, “When any person is convicted of an offense punishable with death or, in the alternative, with imprisonment for […]

Description “Section 44 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” The word “injury” denotes any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property. Overview of Section 44 IPC Section 44 IPC is titled “Injury” and falls under Chapter XVI of the IPC, which deals with offenses affecting the human body. It begins […]

Description “Section 43 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” The word “illegal” is applicable to everything which is an offence or which is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action; and a person is said to be “legally bound to do” whatever it is illegal in him to omit. Understanding Section 43 […]

Description “Section 42 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” A “local law” is a law applicable only to a particular part of 1 [ 2 ***3 [India]]. Understanding Section 42 Section 42 of the IPC addresses the applicability of the local law in cases where an act is an offense under two or more enactments. The section reads as follows: “When […]

Description “Section 41 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” A “special law” is a law applicable to a particular subject. Understanding Section 41 of the IPC Section 41 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC) falls under the chapter titled “Of the Criminal Justice System.” It encompasses the concept of a “special law” and outlines the […]

Description “Section 40 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” 1[Except in the 2[Chapters] and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word “offence” denotes a thing made punishable by this Code. In Chapter IV, 3[Chapter VA] and in the following sections, namely, sections 4[64, 65, 66, 5[67], 71], 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117,6[118, 119 […]

Description “Section 39 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” A person is said to cause an effect “voluntarily” when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it. Illustration A […]

Description “Section 38 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that act. Illustration A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable homicide not […]

Description “Section 37 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally co-operates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts, either singly or jointly with any other person, commits that offence. Illustrations (a) A and B agree to murder Z by […]

Description “Section 36 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” Wherever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same […]

Description “Section 35 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention is liable for the act in the same manner […]

Description “Section 34 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” 1[When a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.] What is Common Intention? Common intention means a pre-arranged […]

Description “Section 33 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” The word “act” denotes as well as series of acts as a single act: the word “omission” denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission. Act An act, according to the IPC, is any bodily movement that is voluntary and conscious. It can be […]

Description “Section 32 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” In every part of this Code, except where a contrary intention appears from the context, words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions. Introduction Section 32 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) is an important provision that provides for the interpretation of language used […]

Description “Section 31 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” The words “a will” denote any testamentary document. What is a Will? A will is a legal document that outlines how a person’s assets will be distributed after their death. It is a document that allows individuals to provide instructions for their assets, including money, property, and […]

Description “Section 30 Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” The words “valuable security” denote a document which is, or purports to be, a document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right. Illustration A […]

Description “Section 29A Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC)” 1[The words “electronic record” shall have the meaning assigned to them in clause (t) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (21 of 2000).] Introduction Section 29A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) was introduced by the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008. […]