basics of sexual conflict within species. taught to undergrads who study evolutionary biology everywhere.Â
note how male is analogous with parasite and predator
âmale trait costly to femalesâ means males harming females
note how female doesnât just âsubmitâ to being harmed, but evolves countermeasures. itâs an arms race
but feminists are supposed to ignore this and act like this has no effect on humans.
so, WHY is it like this? from the same basic behavioral ecology lecture:Â
Why are traits with harmful side effects not selected against, given the shared genetic interest in offspring? Individuals may benefit from harmful effects in other individuals. In a multiple mating situation, or a potential multiple mating situation (most often for mammals, because most mammals are polygynous or promiscuous), MALE benefits from damaging the female now, because then a) the female doesnât mate again until later, when the damage is repaired, so the male gets the paternity, and b) female reproduces more now.
the male doesnât benefit from the female having a long & healthy life after their mating, because then the female will mate with other males.
a basic paper about it, pdf
quote:
The idea that natural selection would favor a male that harmed his mate is counterintuitive. After all, reducing the survival or fecundity of a maleâs mate would seem to diminish rather than enhance his own reproductive fitness. To see why natural selection can sometimes favor males that harm their mates we need to consider the mating system of the species. If there is lifelong monogamy and random mating, then there is a perfect correlation between the fitness of a male and his mate and the potential for evolutionary conflict between the sexes is absent. But any deviation from this monogamous mating system reduces the correlation for lifetime fitness between a copulating pair, and this generates the potential for intersexual evolutionary conflict and the subsequent evolution of male-induced harm to their mates
(note: lifelong monogamy is extremely rare in mammals, and not even common in birds (though the stereotype is that it is common in birds).)


















