Glitter
âAll journeys end when we reach our destination but the journeying remains a thing apart, unique unto itself. Most of us make lifeâs journeys without understanding that the journeying is a separate thing.â
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Glitter
âAll journeys end when we reach our destination but the journeying remains a thing apart, unique unto itself. Most of us make lifeâs journeys without understanding that the journeying is a separate thing.â
Bob Hoover - The Grendel Saga

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JD's Strategy https://robertreich.substack.com/p/jds-strategy
Friends,
Iâve been watching JD Vance as carefully as anyone can track a snake in the grass, which is to say, with some difficulty. He has seemed uncomfortable with Trumpâs grandiose foreign ambitions, especially Trumpâs failed war in Iran, but Iâve seen no evidence that JD has spoken out against any of it even inside Trumpâs ego-echo chamber.Â
Vance hasnât carved out a regressive policy specialty for himself, as have some other of Trumpâs despicable underlings such as Stephen Miller, Russell Vought, or Harmeet Dhillon.Â
Nor has JD become much of a spokesperson for Trump. He doesnât appear much on television or even on social media. Nor has he been visible on Capitol Hill. He hasnât cinched any deal in Congress.Â
JD seems to appear when and where a vice president is supposed to, but then disappears again into the daily effluence of Trump.Â
But thereâs one particular area where JD seems to stand out (I was tempted to write âexcelâ but itâs impossible to excel at something as execrable as JDâs specialty.) He is the regimeâs strangest bigot.Â
Among all the bigots in the Trump regime â and there are many â JDâs bigotry stands out for a particular lunacy, combining magic realism with an ultra-wackiness all its own.Â
We saw glimmers of this during the 2024 campaign when JD, then a U.S. senator from Ohio, insisted that the pets of upright Americans residing in Springfield, Ohio were being âabducted and eatenâ by Haitian immigrants âwho shouldn't be in this country.âÂ
Despite being informed by city officials that Haitian immigrants were not in fact eating pets, Vance doubled down. He was sure Haitians were eating peoplesâ pets. The publicity surrounding JDâs bizarre claims led to threats against Springfieldâs Haitian community.Â
Not to let a disgusting lie about a minority group go unexploited, Trump amplified Vanceâs pet-eating claim at his presidential debate with Kamala Harris.
Finally confronted by irrefutable evidence that Haitian immigrants were not eating pets in Springfield, Vance admitted publicly that he was speaking, shall we say, metaphorically: âIf I have to create stories so that the American media actually pays attention to the suffering of the American people, then thatâs what Iâm going to do,â he told CNN.
Hello? Now, JD is back.Â
âHenry Nowak died the same way a civilization dies: abandoned, handcuffed by authorities who neither trusted nor cared for him, and accused of hate crimes he did not commit,â JD declared on  X last week. Nowak would still be alive âif the last few generations of European elites had stood their ground against the politics of self-hatred and the mass invasion of migrants, many of whom despise the West and the people who love it.â
If youâve followed this sad story, you know that an 18-year-old British student named Henry Nowak was fatally stabbed in the British city of Southampton in December by Vickrum Digwa, who falsely claimed Nowak had racially abused him and that Digwa had acted in self-defense. After the truth came out, Digwa was jailed for life on June 1, with a minimum term of 21 years.Â
That, in turn, prompted JDâs jeremiad against âmass invasion of migrants.â
But inconveniently for JD, Digwa was born and raised in Britain. Which puts JDâs blaming Nowakâs death on a âmass invasion of migrantsâ roughly on par with his claims about the eating habits of Haitian-Americans in Springfield.Â
This hasnât stopped JD, of course, whoâs been using the Nowak murder to bolster his narrative of Britain as a âonce powerful nationâ whose elites are now welcoming âmigrantsâ who âdespise the West.â
JD has become a mouthpiece inside the Trump regime for assailing what JD repeatedly terms the âdecline of Western civilization,â especially in Europe. Itâs part of the Trump regimeâs increasingly shrill critique of Europe. Trumpâs most recent National Security Strategy promises to push âEurope to remain European, to regain its civilizational self-confidence, and to abandon its failed focus on regulatory suffocation.â
In a sense, then, JD has stepped onto the bigoted path of Vicktor OrbĂĄn, Nigel Farage, the leader of the right-wing populist Reform U.K. Party, and other resurgent European white Christian nationalists.
But thereâs something more. JD wants to be the leader of the worldâs anti-democracy movement.
Recall that JD would never have become a senator from Ohio in 2022 were it not for the billionaire tech financier Peter Thiel, who staked $15 million on JDâs election â a major portion of all the funds that went into JDâs senate race.
Thiel knew what he was buying. Before running for the Senate, JD had worked for Thielâs California venture capital firm and was part of Thielâs libertarian community of rich crypto bros, tech executives, back-to-the-landers, and disaffected far-right intellectuals.
Because Thiel had been a major funder of Trumpâs 2016 presidential run, he had significant influence with Trump when urging him to pick JD for his vice-president.
Thiel was such a strong sponsor of JD because Thiel saw in his protege a future leader of a political movement to turn the U.S. away from democracy. âFor Peter,â said one of the people familiar with his thinking, âVance is a generational bet.â
Thiel is a self-styled libertarian who once wrote: âI no longer believe that freedom and democracy are compatible.â
Hello? Freedom is incompatible with democracy only if you view democracy as a potential constraint on your wealth and power.
Thatâs the point. Thiel and JD â along with Elon Musk, Steve Bannon, tech entrepreneur David Sacks, Palantir co-founder Joe Lonsdale, Palantir adviser Jacob Helberg, Sequoia Capitalâs Doug Leone, blogger Curtis Yarvin, and others in the anti-democracy movement â believe that the only way true libertarians can win in the U.S. is for a Caesar-like figure to wrest power from the U.S. establishment and install a monarchical regime, run like a startup.
Yarvin â whoâs something of a thinker behind this movement â has written that real political power in the United States is held by a liberal amalgam of universities and the mainstream press, whose commitment to equality and justice is eroding social order.
In Yarvinâs view, democratic governments should be replaced with sovereign joint-stock corporations whose major âshareholdersâ select an executive with total power, who serves at their pleasure. Yarvin refers to the city-state of Singapore as an example of a successful authoritarian regime.
How to achieve Yarvinâs vision? The first step, as JD offered in a 2021 podcast, is to replace âevery single mid-level bureaucrat, every civil servant in the administrative state ⌠with our people. And when the courts stop you, stand before the country, and sayâ â as did Andrew Jackson â that âthe chief justice has made his ruling. Now let him enforce it.â
The next step, apparently, is to foment so much division and bigotry inside the U.S. and within every other major Western nation that people come to view those on the other side of the political divide as the source of everything thatâs wrong with their lives. That way, they wonât look upward to see Peter Thiel, Elon Musk, and the other billionaire robber barons, plutocrats, and oligarchs of this second Gilded Age grabbing most of the wealth and power.Â
And theyâll reflexively trade in democracy for strong-man autocracy.Â
Behind JDâs bloopers about Haitian-Americans and British âmigrants,â JD is laying the foundation for the Westâs first anti-democracy alliance connecting the far-right of America and Europe. If JD ever becomes president, heâs intent on finishing the job.Â
If ya got it. Flaunt it!
Laura Branigan - Gloria (Official Music Video)
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Vincent Van Gogh Sold Only One Known Painting During His Life
Though heâs now considered one of historyâs most talented artists, the painter behind such masterpieces as âThe Starry Nightâ and âSunflowersâ was far from a success during his lifetime. Van Gogh took up painting around age 27 and met his untimely demise just a decade later, and in the years between he sold only one painting that there is any record of, âThe Red Vineyard.â The piece, a dramatic Provençal landscape with vibrant red, orange, and yellow colors, was sold for 400 Belgian francs (approximately $2,000 today) in the winter of 1890 at an exhibition in Brussels, just six months before the artistâs death.
While âThe Red Vineyardâ is Van Goghâs only officially recorded sale, historians theorize that he possibly bartered other paintings, especially at an early age in exchange for art supplies. Van Gogh biographer Marc Edo Tralbaut has also suggested that the artist may have sold a self-portrait to London art dealers in 1888, though his theory has not been proved.Â
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The original. Anna - swoon.
Leonard Cohen - Almost Like the Blues
Leo. A great way to start the day.
The Senate Should NOT Confirm This Person https://robertreich.substack.com/p/the-senate-should-not-confirm-this
Friends,
Let me get right to the point. The Senate should not confirm Todd Blanche as attorney general.Â
Blanche, who used to be Trumpâs private lawyer, has treated the Justice Department as Trumpâs private law firm. He still believes that Trump â rather than the United States â is his client.
At the very least, the Senate should insist, as a condition of confirming Blanche, that the May 19 deal Blanche devised to immunize Trump and his family from all future prosecutions â which Blanche alone signed â be nullified.Â
The purpose of that immunity deal â which resulted from Trumpâs own bizarre lawsuit against the IRS â should by now be clear. Itâs to prevent any future government inquiry into the corrupt dealings of Trump and his family.Â
The breadth of the so-called âsettlementâ agreement between Trump and, well, Trump is staggering. Take a look at it, here.
Boiled down to its bare essentials, the deal âforeverâ protects Trump and his family from âall claimsâ or âcauses of actionâ or ârequests for any reliefâ including âexaminationsâ that âcould have beenâ asserted by the United States against Trump, his children, âor affiliated individualsâ or âpartiesâ which arise out of âany mattersâ or of âLawfare and/or Weaponizationâ or of any matters that âcould be pendingâ before the United States or its agencies and departments.Â
Put another way, the U.S. government is prohibited from looking into any of the corrupt sh*t Trump or his family have gotten into.Â
And thereâs a lot of corrupt sh*t.Â
Trump is the most corrupt president in American history. Since being in office for a second time, heâs so far increased his wealth by an estimated $4 billion, and his sonsâ and daughtersâ wealth by billions more. Some examples:
Trump and his family have created multiple crypto businesses â World Liberty Financial and the $TRUMP meme coin â that have received favorable deregulatory treatment and reportedly generated at least $2.3 billion in income for Trump and his family since he won the presidency.
Six days after a company backed by Eric and Donald Jr. took a 20 percent stake in an American mining group, the groupâs parent company received $1.6 billion in federal financing. Thatâs because the president of Kazakhstan granted the company the right to mine the worldâs largest known undeveloped deposit of tungsten, an element used in semiconductors, lightbulbs, and warheads.Â
In late 2025, Don Jr.âs firm 1789 Capital acquired an equity stake in critical minerals company Vulcan Elements. Shortly after, the White House and the Pentagon awarded Vulcan a $620 million federal loanwithout competitive procurement or independent technical review.Â
After Eric and Don Jr. backed the drone manufacturer Powerus, the U.S. Air Force awarded the company a lucrative contract.Â
Eric and Don Jr. have conducted numerous undisclosed meetings with foreign government officials (including representatives from Hungary, the UK, Vietnam, and Qatar) while simultaneously negotiating global real estate deals for the Trump Organization.Â
Don Jr. serves as a strategic advisor or investor in prediction market firms Kalshi and Polymarket, which have received favorable, deregulatory treatment from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
Don Jr. is on the board of prescription drug platform BlinkRX, which will benefit from the administrationâs promotion of direct-to-patient medicine sales.Â
Presumably, someone has made a fortune trading stocks and bonds on the basis of insider knowledge of decisions that Trump would announce â about tariffs, his war in Iran, and other news that moved stock and bond markets. The trades occurred just before the announcements.Â
In May, Trump disclosed that his trust was actively trading individual stocks, an unprecedented practice for a sitting U.S. president in the modern era.
Trump has pardoned some of the most brazen financial criminals in American history, and one can only wonder what he received in return. They include Philip Esformes, convicted in what Trumpâs own Department of Justice described as the âlargest health care fraud scheme ever chargedâ; Joseph Schwartz, convicted for a $38 million fraud scheme; and reality stars Todd and Julie Chrisley, convicted for multimillion-dollar bank fraud. Heâs granted clemency to Lawrence Duran after a $205 million fraud conviction. He commuted Jason Galanisâs sentence and pardoned Devon Archer, both tied to tens of millions in fraud.Â
If the âsettlementâ remains in force, we will never know the details of any of these transactions, because the âsettlementâ â devised and signed by Todd Blanche â will result in the largest cover-up of presidential wrongdoing and illegality in American history.Â
Without it, Trump and his family could be required to disgorge their ill-gotten gains.Â
For his role in this scam, Blanche should not be confirmed as attorney general. At the very least, his confirmation should be conditioned on this so-called âsettlementâ being deemed null and void.Â
If youâre with me on this, please contact your senatorâs office and tell them to vote NO on confirming Blanche. (At the very least, NO to the immunity deal Blanche gave Trump and his family.)Â
The Senate switchboard is (202) 224-3121. Elected officials prioritize their own voters, so please share your name and your city/town so the staff knows you live in their state.
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Yesterday afternoon, President Donald J.
June 9, 2026
HEATHER COX RICHARDSON
JUN 10
READ IN APP
Yesterday afternoon, President Donald J. Trump officially nominated acting attorney general Todd Blanche to become the attorney general of the United States.
Before going to the Department of Justice, Blanche was Trumpâs personal attorney. He led Trumpâs criminal defense team in the case of falsifying records to cover up hush-money payments to adult film actress Stormy Daniels, as well as his defense against the two cases brought by special counsel Jack Smith: the one indicting him for trying to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election and the one indicting him for retaining classified documents after leaving office.
Since he took over for former attorney general Pam Bondi, Blanche has openly flouted the law in order to do Trumpâs bidding. He secured indictments against people Trump perceives to be enemies, including former FBI director James Comey for posting on Instagram a picture of seashells arranged to form the number â8647.â
He backed the deal Trump made with the Department of Justice to establish a $1.776 billion slush fund to pay off those convicted of committing crimes surrounding Trumpâs attempt to overturn the results of the 2020 election, including storming the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.
Blanche put his name to the second half of that deal that seems to be being eclipsed by the slush fund: an agreement between Trump and the Department of Justice promising to drop any pending claims against Trump, his oldest sons, or the Trump Organization for past illegalities in tax returns, and promising not to conduct audits of Trumpâs tax returns.
In the 1920s, gangster Al Capone kept his hands clean of direct evidence of the crimes he committed. The federal government finally took him down by convicting him of federal income tax evasion.
Trumpâs nomination of Blanche directly challenges Republican senators to collude with him to flout the will of rank-and-file Republicans and break the law. In November 2025 the Senate voted unanimously to pass the Epstein Files Transparency Act. This law required the Department of Justice to release all the files compiled by the FBI in its investigation of sex offender Jeffrey Epstein no later than December 19, 2025.
The Department of Justice has ignored that law. To date, it has released about half the files. Many of those it has released are heavily redacted although the law expressly prohibits such redactions. Instead, the Department of Justice released previously unknown names of Epstein survivors.
Mike Spector and Lindo So of Reuters reported yesterday that those survivors are now under threat from Trump supporters. âSheâll be unalived,â someone wrote under a news report of an accuser demanding the release of the files. âShe really shouldâve stayed quiet. RIP.â
In her testimony before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, Bondi told members of Congress that Blanche âwas in charge of the process and the entire release of the Epstein files.â Bondi also said that she had ânothing to do withâ the transfer of Epsteinâs associate Ghislaine Maxwell, a convicted sex offender, from prison to a minimum security camp. As Annie Grayer, M.J. Lee, Paula Reid, and Marshall Cohen of CNN reported, that transfer happened just after Blanche interviewed Maxwell for nine hours.
In that interview, Maxwell said nothing that would tie Trump to Epsteinâs crimes, language Trump loyalists used to push back against the story reported just weeks before by Khadeeja Safdar and Joe Palazzolo in the Wall Street Journal that what appears to be Trumpâs signature is at the bottom of a birthday card to Epstein suggesting the two shared a âwonderful secret.â The words were written over a drawing of a naked girl.
MAGA Republicans supported Trump in 2024 because he promised to release the Epstein files, and Senate Republicans responded to their anger that the Trump administration was hiding those files by voting unanimously to requireânot requestâtheir release. Now Trump is demanding they abandon those voters to put the man behind that cover-up into office as the top law enforcement officer in the country.
As David Kurtz of Talking Points Memo explained today, if Republican senators confirm Blanche, they will be rubber-stamping Trumpâs perversion of the Department of Justice and encouraging it to continue, blessing âwide-ranging and extremeâ corruption. âNo accountability, no roadblocks, no pumping the brakes.â
That rubber stamp on criminality would fall just as the corruption of the administration has become too obvious to pretend doesnât exist.
New stories out today examine new aspects of that corruption.
Joshua Kaplan, Justin Elliott, and Alex Mierjeski of ProPublica reported that an Indian billionaire appears to have gotten Trump to ease sanctions against his familyâs energy empire by investing $100 million in a Texas start-up company in which Donald Trump Jr. is an investor.
Upon the Ambani familyâs investment in America First Refining, the start-up secured beneficial U.S. policies for which it had been lobbying. The journalists report that longstanding problems with the company make it unlikely that the refinery America First has promised will ever get built, especially at a time when refineries are expensive and unprofitable.
The journalists note that it has become âa theme of Trumpâs second term: overseas investors with interests before the administration putting money into the Trump familyâs business interests.â Last December, looking only at publicly disclosed investmentsâthe one the journalists uncovered today was secretâForbes estimated that Don Jr.âs net worth had jumped from about $50 million to about $300 million since the 2024 election.
In Mother Jones today, scholar of corruption Casey Michel explored the many connections between Trumpâs son-in-law Jared Kushner and Middle East billionaires who have invested billions in his investment fund Affinity Partners, essentially buying access to the president and U.S. policymaking even as the inexperienced Kushner represents the U.S. in sensitive negotiations in the region.
Kushnerâs plans include a deal for a $1.6 billion tourist resort in Albania along a stretch of coastline and a pristine island protected as a critical area of biodiversity. Critics claim Prime Minister Edi Rama backed the Affinity Partners project to curry favor with the Trump administration. Protesters have taken to the streets in Albaniaâs capital, Tirana, chanting âAlbania is not for sale!â and calling for Ramaâs resignation.
White House press spokesperson Anna Kelly told Mithil Aggarwal, Raf Sanchez, and Mo Abbas of NBC News that Kushner is a âvolunteerâ for the government and that his business activities âhave nothing to do with the President or the administration.â Asked if Ramaâs government had backed the project to gain favor with Trump, she said: âThis is the same, tired narrative that Democrats have pushed against President Trump, his family, and his administration for a decade.â
An investigation by Tom Bergin, Michelle Conlin, Koh Gui Qing, and Tom Wilson of Reuters today shows that the Trump family has made at least $2.3 billion in their crypto currency licensing adventures since Trump began his second term. It also shows that more than a million people who invested in their enterprises have suffered at least $2.3 billion in losses.
The journalists report that the investors they interviewed believed that Trumpâs position as president and âwhat they perceived as his business acumenâ guaranteed they would make money. âSome said they still hold on to the hope that Trump will make things right. Others expressed regret, anger and embarrassment.â
Trump and MAGA Republicans celebrated the model of governance used by prime minister of Hungary Viktor OrbĂĄn during his 16 years in power, calling for the U.S. government to mimic his rejection of immigration, undermining of the rule of law, and destruction of liberal democracy in favor of what OrbĂĄn called âilliberal democracyâ or âChristian democracy.â
After voters threw out OrbĂĄn and his party with a supermajority that would empower the countryâs new leaders to investigate their predecessors, the extraordinary corruption is coming to light. Marton Dunai of the Financial Times reported today that tracking the financial transactions of the OrbĂĄn government has shown that it siphoned off at least 160 billion euros, equivalent to about $185 billion dollars, from European Union funds, with the corruption peaking in OrbĂĄnâs last year in office as loyalists worked to grab what they could as OrbĂĄnâs power was crumbling.
But, as Andrew Higgins and Lili Rutai reported in the New York Times just before the election that swept Orbån and his party out of power, many Orbån loyalists jumped ship. Although they risked government persecution from Orbån should he win reelection, they took the gamble that the future belonged not to him but to his opponents.
Trump appears to be trying to prevent such defections in the ranks of the Republican senators by forcing them to confirm Blanche, thus rubber-stamping his perversion of the rule of law and joining him in his utter disregard of the demand of Republican voters for the release of the Epstein files.
There may well be an effort to downplay the Blanche confirmation process, but make no mistake: it is a very big deal indeed.
â
Pro-Am
Inequality Isn't Just Unfair. It's Dangerous! https://robertreich.substack.com/p/inequality-isnt-just-unfair-its-dangerous
Friends,
Youâve heard me talk about this, but I wanted to present it in a way that would be absolutely clear.Â
The wealth of the richest Americans has exploded. Iâm not even talking about the top 1 percent. Iâm talking about the richest 0.1 percent â the top one-tenth of 1 percent.Â
In the 1990s, most Americansâ wealth grew at about the same pace. But after 2010, the top 0.1 percent pulled ahead of the rest of the 1 percent, and everyone else.
2010. Remember that year, because I want to come back to it.
After 2018, in part because of Trumpâs tax cuts for the rich that went into effect at the start of that year, Americaâs richest 0.1 percent are now worthmore than the entire GDP of China.
What do they do with all this money? Well, when theyâre not just shooting rockets into space or building hideous trucks, theyâre spending it on politics.Â
Billionaire political spending in presidential elections is exploding.
After the Supreme Courtâs 2010 Citizens United ruling, it took off.Â
In the last presidential election, just 300 billionaire families spent roughly $3 billion. Those families gave an average of $10 million each â roughly 100,000 times what an average donor gave.
And the super-rich are getting a big return on their âinvestment.â Theyâre getting more tax cuts, more deregulation, and a government that lets them get away with busting unions, exploiting workers, and monopolizing their markets while poisoning the environment.Â
All so they can get even richer and accumulate even more power. So they can get even richer and accumulate even more power. And so on.Â
But this vicious cycle is unsustainable, both politically and economically.Â
When so much of our economy is in relatively few hands, we will inevitably get to the point where consumers cannot buy all the goods and services the economy is capable of producing. This puts the entire economy at risk.
Itâs also politically unstable because itâs inherently divisive â pitting losers against winners and laying the groundwork for an authoritarian state â where no oneâs future is secure, including the super-rich.Â
So we ALL have a stake in stopping this vicious cycle.
To do this, we need to raise taxes on the rich â not to punish them but to ensure that the system works for everyone. This means raising their income taxes and taxing their wealth.
And we need public financing for federal elections â matching public dollars to small-dollar donations in order to balance the power of super-rich and corporate donors. Many states and cities are already doing this â and it works.
Finally, weâve got to undo Citizens United. One way to do that is for states to follow what Montana hopes to do and what Hawaii has already done: take away the power of corporations to make political contributions in the first place.
Look, itâs time to get big money out of politics â for all our sakes.
Please share!Â
Cars of art
Meredith Brooks - Lay Down (Candles In The Rain) ft. Queen Latifah
Something to start your day with.

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On June 8, 1789, Representative James Madison of Virginia stood up to address the House of Representatives in order to introduce a series of
June 8, 2026
HEATHER COX RICHARDSON
JUN 9
READ IN APP
On June 8, 1789, Representative James Madison of Virginia stood up to address the House of Representatives in order to introduce a series of amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Initially, Madison had been opposed to the idea of spelling out the rights on which the new government couldnât intrude because he thought the document itself limited what the government could do. But he had come around to the idea of specifying the areas in which the new government could not intrude after voters opposed ratifying the Constitution until it included protections from government interference in their rights.
When Madison rose to introduce his amendments to the Constitution, ten of which would eventually be adopted and become the Bill of Rights, the Constitution had been ratified, but ratification had stalled. Two states of the original thirteen, North Carolina and Rhode Island, had not yet ratified the Constitution. Others had done so only with the promise that a list of rights would be forthcoming.
One of the amendments Madison proposed was especially dear to him. It was, as he told his colleagues, that â[t]he civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, or on any pretext, infringed.â
That proposal was the basis for what became the first part of the First Amendment to the Constitution, which reads: âCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.â
With the wounds of religious persecution both in Europe and in the colonies still fresh, Madison cared deeply about keeping the government away from religion.
In 1772, when he was 21, Madison watched as the government of Virginia had itinerant preachers arrested for preaching against the established church in the state. By the next year, he had begun to question whether established religion, which was common in the colonies, was good for society. By 1776, many of his broad-thinking neighbors had come to believe that society should âtolerateâ different religious practices; he had moved past tolerance to the belief that men had a right of conscience.
In that year, he was instrumental in putting Section 16 into the Virginia Declaration of Rights. It reads, âThat religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and therefore all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love, and charity toward each other.â
In 1785, in a âMemorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments,â he explained that what was at stake was not just religion, but also representative government itself. The establishment of one religion over others attacked a fundamental human rightâan unalienable rightâof conscience. If lawmakers could destroy the right of freedom of conscience, they could destroy all other unalienable rights. Those in charge of government could throw representative government out the window and make themselves tyrants.
The concerns about inequality behind the First Amendment are being illustrated right now in the twenty-first-century United States. Those concerns come from an unlikely direction.
On Thursday, June 4, 2026, Nick Mordowanec of Military dot com reported that under Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, the Department of Defense had removed about 180 faith traditions from its number of recognized religious faiths and belief systems. As John Ismay, Alexandra E. Petri, and Aimee Ortiz of the New York Times note, of the 31 religions still recognized by the Defense Department, 22 of them are Christian denominations.
Left off the new list of Christian faiths was the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints, whose members are commonly known as Mormons.
MAGA has worked to impose the ideology of evangelical religion on America. In the military, Mordowanec notes, Hegseth has pushed Christian theocracy through extremist Christian-based prayers services with a Christian nationalist preacher who has said womenâs suffrage was a bad idea and has defended slavery, has described Trumpâs war on Iran as a holy war. Michelle Boorstein and Sammy Westfall of the Washington Post add that Hegseth has urged chaplains to focus on scripture rather than psychology and has said those who disagree with him are Godâs enemies.
Senator Mike Lee (R-UT) is a Mormon and represents Mormons in Utah. Lee has been a staunch MAGA supporter to the point that he was a key figure in urging President Donald J. Trump to stay in office in 2021 despite the fact he had lost the election.
But on Friday, Leeâthe ultimate MAGA insiderâfound his religion excluded from the âChristianâ category that the Trump administration embraces, turning him abruptly into an outsider.
Lee spent the weekend posting angrily about the slight that suggested Mormons arenât Christians, only to have other posters deride his faith. He posted 37 times on social media insisting that the Defense Departmentâs classification be expanded to include Mormons under the âChristianâ category, recording and reposting a video saying âAs of two days ago, the Pentagon recognizes every Christian faith in America as Christian. Except one. Thatâs not okay, and it needs to changeânow.â
Finally, yesterday, he posted that he had âjust got off the phone with President Trump[.] We discussed the Pentagonâs âChristian listâ[.] I wonât speak for him, but Iâm thrilled about where this is heading[.] Weâre most fortunate that President Trump (1) loves Latter-day Saints, and (2) is our commander in chief[.] Stay tuned[.]â
Today the Defense Department edited its list of religions so that no group is labeled âChristian.â Lee posted that he was grateful to Hegseth âfor correcting the errorâ and said he agreed with Hegsethâs statement that â[t]he Pentagonâs job is not to adjudicate theological debates, but instead to ensure sincerely-held faith is respected and encouraged in our ranks.â
Madison and those who wrote, debated, passed, and ratified the Bill of Rights believed that making peopleâs religionâtheir right of conscienceâdepend on the approval of the president would destroy self-government..
A former U.S. Army chaplain told Mordowanec that the Defense Departmentâs limit to the religions it recognized was âhorrible.â âWhen I raised my hand to become an Army chaplain, I swore that I would support and defend the Constitution. The First Amendment is the free exercise of religion for everybody. Thatâs what I was buying into.â Referring to the revised list, the former chaplain added: âAs far as Iâm concerned, thatâs a violation of the United States Constitution.â
On June 8, 1789, Madison urged his colleagues to pass the new amendments to demonstrate that those who had pushed the adoption of the Constitution âwere as sincerely devoted to liberty and republican governmentâ as those who opposed it, and that those who wanted a strong new government were not, in fact, trying âto lay the foundation of an aristocracy or despotism. â It would be a good thing, he said, to cement support for the government by reassuring Americans that those in favor of the new government had no âwish to deprive them of the liberty for which they valiantly fought and honorably bled.â
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