Material Science_Crimson Publishers

Greener Lab Experiments for Sustainability in Chemistry Education by Reda S Abdel Hameed* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Evaluation of new Greener procedures for chemistry lab experiments as a benign approach for chemical education in chemistry for chemistry undergraduate students. The improved Experimentation represented new, facile, less hazardous, high atom efficiency, and environmentally benign advance in practical chemical education. The newly designed greener procedures were carried out and the advantage over the conventional one was evaluated through a comparative study. The greener experimentation obviously demonstrated the superiority of the greener practice over the conventional one and largely increased the learning outcomes about Green Chemistry and Sustainability for the individuals participated in the study.

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Study on the Influence of the Springback on the Hole Expansion Ratio Characterization by B Zubia* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Material formability has become one of the main problems, together with the springback, when stamping high added-value components for the automotive industry. The pursuit of weight reduction has led to higher strength alloys which show a lower formability. Among the different formability criteria (e.g. necking, edge strain, fracture and radius cracks) the edge strain is starting to be a critical aspect on the process planning stage. In order to characterise this criteria, the hole expansion ratio (HER) is conducted under the ISO 16630 standard. In the last years, multiple authors have analysed the HER of different alloys and its dependency on different process variables i.e. cutting method, test speed, material strength. However, the influence of the springback phenomenon on the test result has not been previously analysed. In this work, the influence of the springback on the HER values has been analysed for a mild steel DX54D and a third generation steel Fortiform1050 with a novel measuring technique. From the obtained results, it can be stated that the springback has a critical influence on the characterised HER value, mainly for the third generation steel, leading to differences of about 40% on the HER limits.

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The Solid-State Hard-Ball Model and Young’s Modulus by Swe-Kai Chen* in in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Tungsten is a ferri-type paramagnetic metal in that its paramagnetism obeys the Neél ferrimagnetic formula in fitting susceptibility data χ from low of 5K to high of 300K [1] and 1800K [2]. The magnetic susceptibility data of VI B elements, Cr, Mo, and W are increasing with temperature, quite different from that of V B elements, V, Nb, and Ta that have decreasing trend with temperature [3]. This means that the electronic configurations of elements play important role in their properties, e.g., Young’s moduli of VI B are greater than that of V B. χ inverse is equal to the inverse of the diamagnetic χ Curie [1], plus the inverse of the paramagnetic χ Pauli, and plus the inverse of the diamagnetic χ lattice/phonon. The inverse of the diamagnetic χCurie has the form of T/C where T is in K, and the negative C is also in K; the inverse of the paramagnetic χPauli is independent of T, and hence a constant; while the inverse of the diamagnetic χlattice/phonon has the form of -b/(T–θp) in which b and θp are respectively positive and negative parameters. According to the above discussion, for W χ increases with T, the inverse of χ decreases with T, therefore χCurie-diamagnetic dominates χ since it is a negative value; while for V B elements χlattice/phonon dominates χ.

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Data-Constrained Modelling of Material Microstructures and Properties by YS Yang* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

This article is a review of our recent development in data-constrained modelling (DCM) methodology for quantitative and sample-non-destructive (SND) characterization of 3D microscopic composition distribution in materials, and microstructure-based predictive modelling of material multiphysics properties. Potential impacts are illustrated with examples in a range of R&D disciplines.

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Improved Collectors for Flotation of Bastnaesite by Corby Anderson* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Bastnaesite is an important mineral because of its abundance and rare earth content. Calcite and barite are the most common gangue minerals associated with bastnaesite. The importance of finding a suitable collector that can be selective against the gangue minerals without heated conditioning is critical to the advancement of the beneficiation of bastnaesite. This review will present some previous research that has been done on bastnaesite flotation and a comparison of new collectors used.

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Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Processes of the Interaction of Elastic-Plastic Bodies with the Product of Detonation in Eiler Variables by Abuziarov MH* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the processes of interaction and acceleration of deformable solid elasto-plastic bodies with the products of detonation is a complex spatial problem. Interaction with the detonation wave can cause stresses in the elastoplastic body, which considerably exceed the yield strength and substantially deform it during the contact. This process of deformation is very short and, in fact, detonation products can accelerate the body whose shape varies significantly and differs from the initial one. With the development of computer technology, it became possible to simulate these processes numerically. When solving such problems, it is necessary to take into account the processes of initiation and propagation of detonation in solid explosives with the generation of shock waves by expanding explosion products and their interaction with elastoplastic bodies, significant deformation and displacement of these bodies.

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Food Waste Materials Appear Efficient and Low-cost Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants from Wastewater by Lorenzo Massimi in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Excessive release of organic and inorganic pollutants, due to urbanization and industrialization is a critical environmental problem worldwide [1]. In fact, discharge of wastewater from industrial activities releases effluents particularly rich in toxic and carcinogenic pollutants. In the last few years, environmental remediation was focused on the use of low cost adsorbents for the removal of metals and metalloids from wastewater.

There are several physic-chemical methods to remove elements from wastewater (chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, adsorption, ion exchange and chemical reduction) [1,2]. Adsorption is recognized as an effective and economic method because it offers high efficiency and flexibility in operation [3]. The adsorption phenomenon, in which the transfer of matter is provided from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid phase (adsorbate) to a solid biological adsorbent surface (biosorbent) in contact with it, can be called: “biosorption”.

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On the Energy Harvesting Potential of Lead- Free Piezoelectric Composites from Air-Flow and Temperature Change by Fumio Narita* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

This communication gives a short overview of our recent findings of output voltage in lead-free piezoelectric particle/polymer composites due to air-flow and temperature change. Barium titanate (BTO)/epoxy composite and potassium sodium niobate (KNN)/epoxy composite sheets were fabricated. The composite samples were polarized using either a parallel plate contact or contactless (corona) poling technique. The distribution of the phases in the matrix was studied by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The output voltage was then measured for the composite sheets due to airflow. The output voltage was also examined for the composites due to temperature change, and the effect of the poling conditions on the performance was examined. This short communication opens the door for development of flexible multi-energy harvesting devices.

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Mechanical Behavior of Ni-Ti SMA Helical Springs Manufactured by Investment Casting by Carlos José de Araújo* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are smart metallic materials that have being increasingly studied due to their functional properties of recovering original shape by heating after pseudo plastic deformation and super elasticity. In this context, SMA helical springs can be used as actuators or sensors in several areas. This work aims to perform thermal and mechanical characterization of Ni-Ti SMA helical springs produced by investment casting process consisting of induction melting followed by centrifugal casting (ICC). Thermal characterization of the springs was performed by Electrical Resistance as a function of Temperature (ERT), while the mechanical characterizations in static and dynamic regimes were performed in an Instron Model E10000 machine. Results of thermal analysis by ERT showed that the helical Ni-Ti springs have phase transformation corresponding to the super elastic effect (SE) at room temperature (~23.5±0.5 °C). Reversible deformations under uniaxial tensile were of the order of 80% and dynamic tests showed that mechanical behavior vary according to the frequency and deformation amplitude. At last, it was verified that Ni-Ti SMA helical springs produced by ICC process present functional characteristics, which are suitable for super elastic applications such as springs manufactured by conventional processes.

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Portland Cement Mortar Carbonation Assessment by Using Blue Timol Indicator by Migue Angel Sanjuán* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

This work investigated the performance of Portland cement mortars with regard to the carbonation resistance. Mortars were made with a Portland cement with 62,2% ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cured under water for one, two, three, seven, 14 and 20 days. Normally, testing for natural carbonation is made by using a phenolftalein indicator solution; however, in this study a blue timol indicator was chosen. Carbonation rate after one year of natural exposure increases with decreasing curing time under water. Also, it increases when ground granulated blast-furnace slag content in mortars increase.

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Plastic Waste and Carbon Footprint Generation Due to the Consumption of Bottled Waters in Saudi Arabia by Mohammad S Islam* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), a polyester based thermoplastic polymer, is used worldwide for packaging foods and beverages. The sharp rise of PET application has increased potential hazards on human health and environment. The main objective of the study was to determine the amount of plastic waste that was generated from bottled drinking water consumption in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and its impact on the carbon footprint (CO2 generation). An online random survey was conducted to estimate the daily consumption of bottled water in the province of KSA, Tabuk. The total generated plastic (PET) waste from drinking water bottles in Saudi Arabia was estimated at 8,27,114 tonnes each year, which produced 26,79,851 tonnes of CO2 per year. When considering the consumption of plastic in the food industries, the impact becomes more severe, and it exponentially increases for the developing countries as compared to the developed countries. These phenomena demand a compressive solution that ranges from governmental policies to engineering solution to lessen the use of plastic in minimizing global carbon emissions.

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Biosynthesis of Eco-Friendly Silver Nano-Particles using Dry Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) Leave Extract as Reducing Agent by Ihom P Aondona* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

The biosynthesis of eco-friendly silver nano-particles using dry fluted pumpkin (Telfairia ocidentalis) leave extract as reducing agent was carried out. The research used the extract which was prepared from dry fluted pumpkin leaves to reduce 0.01M silver nitrate solution without the addition of any capping agent. During the biosynthesis process qualitative measures like 15 minutes interval observation for 1hr., observation of precipitates formation, and laser light pointer were taken to establish the formation of AgNPs in the solution. The AgNPs for characterization were produced by allowing the biosynthesis solution to remain in the cardboard for 24 hours before filtering and drying the residue in the oven at 110 °C. The residue which was the AgNPs was characterized using ED-XRF and SEM. The NPs produced were of average size of 30nm and angular and cubicle in shape. The chemical composition of the NPs was 71.8% Ag2O, 25% SiO2, 2.18% Cl and other trace compounds. The NPs; given the eco-friendly method of their biosynthesis can be further purified to be used on wound bandage.

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4D Printing -Will it be a Game-Changer? By Kallol Mohanta* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

The 3D printing is a well-known technology across the world and this is actually changing the manufacturing machining concept as well as opens up the possibility of products based on consumers design. The economy and market strategy of the manufacturing sector is on the verge of total remodelling. Within the shadow of 3D printing technology, 4D printing is also gaining interest since it has reversible self-shape transformation capability which mimics biological growth process. This has also a huge implication for tissue engineering and space programs. Here a glimpse of 4D printing technology has been given with a touch of materials like shape memory polymer and hydrogel which are used frequently for 4D technology.

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Review of Recent Advances in Vaginal Mesh Tissue Interaction by Arnab Chanda* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a critical deformity of the female pelvic floor suffered by over millions of women in the US. POP leads to prolapse of pelvic organs onto the vaginal canal causing discomfort, pain, strain and sexual dysfunction. Vaginal meshes are traditionally implanted surgically to rectify the herniation of the pelvic organs and correct patient-specific POP conditions. However, the bio incompatibility of such meshes within the female pelvic system have been recognized to be deletarious to the surrounding tissues due to mesh erosion, organ perforation and tissue slicing, leading to severe complications. In literature, several studies have been conducted to understand vaginal mesh mechanical properties and mesh tissue interactions. The current article reviews these recent advances, which will not only be valuable to understand the state of the art in the mesh tissue interaction characterization and the directions in which further work needs to be conducted, but would also be indispensable for understanding the challenges associated with vaginal mesh failure and the corrective strategies in terms of design and implementation moving forward.

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Project for Rural Asset Development and Employment Generation by Nirmalendu Bandyopadhyay* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

In every county, sizeable proportion of population lives in villages or counties away from urban cities where they get clean air and peaceful environment but lack in employment and urban city facilities. Therefore every government tries to improve the rural life and provide the minimum facilities required to lead a decent and meaningful life. Thrust is given to improve village infrastructures, water supply, small scale industries, health care and education. In this paper, the case studies of a village in India have been discussed. The author was involved in providing basic designs for land development and setting up an office complex and a Timber processing shop where the raw material, timber is available in plenty. To strike an ecological balance, the rate of tree felling is over-compensated by planting fast growing trees and shrubs.

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Characterization of Nariginase Obtained from Aspergillus niger by Submerged Fermentation Using Naringin Extracted from Lemon Peels by Eze SOO* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

Naringin was extracted from lemon peels with a yield of 0.25%. The activity of crude naringinase was 157.7μmol/min and 493.64μmol/ min using naringin disappearance and reducing sugars appearance assay methods respectively. Naringinase was precipitated at 50% ammonium sulphate saturation. After gel filtration, a purification fold of 32.84 with specific activity of 7279.37μmol/min/mg was observed while using naringin disappearance assay method and a 20.48 purification fold with specific activity of 14463.57μmol/min/mg with reducing sugars appearance method of assay. Percentage yields of 11.63% and 7.38% were observed using naringin disappearance and reducing sugars appearance methods of assay respectively. The enzyme pH and temperature optima were found to be 3.50 and 50 °C with a Km and Vmax obtained as 5.8mg/ml and 1111.11μmol/ min respectively. This investigation suggests that lemon peels could be a good source of naringin which could be used as a carbon source in submerged fermentation for naringinase production using Aspergillus niger.

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Radiative Heat Transfer in the Chemically Reactive Unsteady MHD Squeezed Flow of Second Order Fluid with Heat Source by Mann AB* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals

This study investigates the radiative heat and mass transfer effects on squeezed flow of unsteady MHD second order fluid with heat source and chemical reaction. This study is carried out between two parallel circular plates under the assumption of axisymmetric squeezed flow. Similarity transform method is used to reduce the system of partial differential equation (PDE’s) into the system of ordinary differential equations (ODE’s). Advanced Collocation Method is used to find the solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for velocity profile, pressure distribution, and temperature and concentration field. Effects of pertinent physical parameters on the computational results for the radial and axial velocity, pressure distrinution, and temperature and concentration profile are presented via graphs. The shear stress, heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate on the upper wall are also shown by the help of graphs.

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