Lucilla Alice Severina

1. Every European power and country were devastated by the 30 Years War being the major one, Franco-Spanish War, Russo-Polish War, 17th century crises, etc. So they have to make pragmatic decisions that serve their geopolitical interest for their nations and to avoid further conflict. The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland maintained relations with France, Sweden and the Netherlands. Russia cut off ties by Tsar Alexis I by forbidding English merchants to operate and go to Russia. He cut off diplomatic ties to the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

In the late 18th century, France is a major power in Europe and the rest of Europe is stable in that time period.

2. England's geography requires a coordinated and massive operation to invade since England is separated from Continental Europe. The strength of the English Navy are a maritime force which other European countries don't have. Sweden got exhausted and the Netherlands is being pragmatic.

3. The Roundheads, The Parliamentarians and Oliver Cromwell never have an ideology of spreading their ideology through the rest of Europe and want their own country to be run differently.

Ooooh yeah interesting! England has a very sweet spot re: defense from invasions due to both being an island and its nearby seas and ocean being really hard to actually navigate if you arent used to them. Re: cromwell's ideology not wanting to be spread, aside from the isolationist event of the english civil wars i do wonder the reason why it didnt cause as much worry as like the french revolution did specifically bcs unlike illuminist ideas its possible spread wasnt seen as likely or as dangerous to foreign powers

This elegant painting by Christa Kieffer captures a refined moment of early 20th century Parisian fashion from a balcony view. The two women wear soft, flowing white gowns with delicate draping, cinched waists, and subtle volume, hallmarks of Belle Époque femininity.

Roman statue of a dancing Maenad

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Bonaparte at Toulon, from an illustration for Dumas’ The Whites and the Blues.