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h/t to #lovelybluepanda, reposted from Language Muse on Blogspot

A follower of mine asked me what are some realistic goals when you’re learning languages but before giving you 100 examples, I want to mention that you can have daily, weekly, monthly or/and yearly goals. If you get easily distracted and need motivation, set goals for each category; however, if you can focus and be motivated for a longer period of time, you might not need daily or/and weekly goals.

Also, the numbers/minutes/hours are an example, you can change them according to your time, resources, motivation, etc.

Daily goals

Read 1 article in your target language.

Learn 10 words.

Learn 1 poem in your target language.

Learn a song in your target language.

Watch a movie.

Read 1 page from a book in your target language.

Sing 1 song in your target language.

Talk with a native for 10 minutes.

Learn 2 idioms.

Translate 1 song.

Translate 1 poem.

Write 1 short text about anything.

Watch 1 episode from your favorite show dubbed/subbed.

Get 50 points on Duolingo.

Make a vocab list.

Learn 1 new grammatical concept.

Think in your target language for 10 minutes

Read to a podcast for 15 minutes.

Learn 1 tongue twister.

Spend 15 minutes on WordBrewery.

Play on Babadum for 15 minutes.

Use Clozemaster for 15 minutes.

Listen to an audiobook for 10 minutes.

Revise your notes for 20 minutes.

Learn 1 vocab list.

Weekly

Read 10 articles in your target language.

Read 2 books for children.

Learn 5 poems.

Learn 3 songs.

Watch 3 movies.

Learn 10 grammatical concepts.

Talk for 2 hours in your target language.

Learn 5 vocab lists.

Learn 100 new words.

Finish 8 lessons on Duolingo. (I mean the entire bullet/dot/set of mini-lessons)

Watch 10 episodes from your favorite show in your target language subbed/dubbed.

Learn 30 idioms.

Write 3 A4 pages about anything.

Translate 5 songs.

Learn 3 vocab lists.

Revise with the help of some tests online for 2 hours.

Change your phone settings to be in your target language.

Make a summary of the books you’ve read.

Read 10 pages from a complex book in your target language. 

Make 5 vocab lists.

Write a motivational text of 10 lines for you in your target language about why you enjoy learning languages.

Think for 2 hours in your target language.

Translate 3 pages from a book in your native language.

Translate 3 pages from a book in your target language.

Discover 10 new songs in your target language.

Monthly

Learn 350 new words.

Read 1 advanced book in your target language.

Finish a grammar book.

Finish 10 stories for kids.

Learn 80 idioms.

Learn 20 vocab lists.

Finish 35 lessons on Duolingo. (the bullets/dots/set of mini-lessons)

Make 20 vocab lists.

Watch 10 movies in your target language subbed/dubbed.

Translate 10 songs.

Learn 10 poems.

Learn 5 songs.

Talk to natives for 10 hours. 

Write summaries for every chapter/article you’ve read.

Watch 15 YouTube videos in your target language.

Make a story of 5 minutes while looking at a random picture on Google.

Understand a song (that you don’t know) without checking the lyrics too often.

Read 20 articles.

Make a dish while reading the recipe in your target language

Revise for 20 hours.

Keep a journal with your daily progress and at the end of the month, read how many things you achieved.

Read to a podcast for 24 hours.

Think in your target language for 24 hours.

Play babadum/clozemaster for 10 hours.

Yearly

Be mistaken for a native.

Know 50 poems.

Be able to sing most Disney songs in your target language.

Watch movies without subs.

Learn 10.000 words.

Read 10 advanced books.

Finish Duolingo/whatever course you use.

Be able to think in your target language effortlessly.

Master irregular verbs.

Have at least 5 native friends that talk to you in your target language.

Be proud you didn’t give up.

Study a bit daily.

Finish 3 grammar books/workbooks/books for advanced learners.

Have a decent accent.

Be able to read without translating anything.

Watch more movies in your target language than your native one/English.

Have favorite YouTubers that are native to your target language.

Keep a diary and read how your year has been.

Be able to talk about advanced stuff.

Have very detailed descriptions.

Know the most popular songs in your target language.

Read mostly in your target language.

Know several new recipes that are cooked only in the country where your target language is spoken.

Being able to say that you’re bilingual/multilingual/a polyglot.

Japanese from textbooks.

接続　せつぞく　connection; conjunction

表示　ひょうじ　expression

普通形　ふつうけい　plain form

辞書形　じしょけい　dictionary form

丁寧形　ていねいけい　polite form

ナ形容詞　ナけいようし　na-adjective

イ形容詞　イけいようし　i-adjective

現在肯定形　げんざいこうていけい　simple present affirmative

た形　たけい　past tense

解説　かいせつ　explanation

記号　きごう　sign; symbol

言葉　ことば　word

話者　わしゃ　speaker

表記　ひょうき　expression in writing; written representation; notation; transcription; orthography

著者　ちょしゃ　author (usu. of a particular book); writer

文法形式　ぶんぽうけいしき　grammatical form

文章　ぶんしょう　writing, composition, essay, article, passage, prose, (writing) style, sentence

例題　れいだい　example; exercise (for the reader)

It was 2012 and I was a "white washed" (not real but you know what that means) junior in undergrad and an entire chapter included in this textbook was dedicated to our pidgin/dialect whichever your argument. 14 years later and the amount of borrowing with and without permission of rest of English is truly a marvel to the point where things I know damn well are just AAVE are attributed to wide ranging sources such as "Gen Z/Alpha slang" and "gay lingo" and "internet speak" in general. Our range

These are just a few of our many common grammatical rules:

Habitual "Be": In Standard English "He is working" means right now or generally. In AAVE "He be working" specifically means he works regularly or habitually, a distinction that Standard English can't make without adding extra words.

Copula Deletion: Dropping forms of the verb "to be" in places where Standard English requires them ("She tired" instead of "She is tired" or "They going" instead of "They are going")

Double Negatives: In Standard English, two negatives make a positive. In AAVE, using multiple negatives ("She ain't never going") simply adds emphasis to the negation, a common feature in many of the world's languages.

Metathesis: switching sounds within a word, the most famous example being "ask" as "aks," a pronunciation that has roots in Old English.

Remote "Been": When you say "I been knew that" the stressed "been" means you've known it for a long time, remotely in the past, which doesn't exist in Standard English without adding extra words.

Completive "Done": "I done told you already" is a way of saying the action is finished and the matter is settled with an emphasis on finality or frustration.

Subject-Verb Disagreement: In AAVE verbs are often uninflected for the third person ("She walk" instead of "She walks") to simplify conjugation.

Here’s a neat little phrase I stumbled across recently. 

I was telling a Japanese friend that I'm going out for a meal with another friend, and he dropped this on me:

サシで？

I had no idea what it meant, so I asked. Turns out, サシ comes from 差し向かい, which means “face to face.” So when someone asks 「サシで？」, they’re basically saying, “Just the two of you?”

It is used with the で particle, like in:

サシで飲む to have a private drink

or

サシで話す to talk one-on-one

From サシで飲む also comes the noun サシ飲み (a private drink), which seems to be pretty common.

It can also be written in kanji as 「差し」.

You're clearly not sending this in good faith, judging by your tone, but please do point to where you think I'm being antisemitic.

If you think asking the EU to suspend the association agreement with the nation state of Israel has anything to do with them being majority Jewish, and definitely nothing to do with the state's ongoing violation of human rights (including the recent adoption of the death penalty) and settler colonialism; actions so egregious to the point that they are currently under a formal investigation for genocide by the ICJ, you are being willfully obtuse.

Being critical of a government’s decisions is normal. People criticize the United States all the time, and that doesn’t mean they hate Americans. In the same way, condemning violence against innocent people — especially children — is a moral position. When people openly mock or celebrate the suffering and trauma inflicted on civilians, I cannot support or excuse that.

나라와 언어 어휘 - Country and Language Vocab

It’s been such a long time since I provided a vocabulary list! In my final year of university, I have to do a lot of language reports that result in me comparing and contrasting a lot of language families (this usually includes sociolinguistics to typology). I thought that I could do a blog related to the countries and languages! This might not be an entirely comprehensive list. If I missed your country, let me know and I will add it! Enjoy <3

나라; 언어 - 번역 // Country; Language - Translation

대한민국/한국; 한국어 - Korea; Korean

중국; 중국어 - China; Chinese

일본; 일분어 - Japan; Japanese

태국; 태국어 - Thailand; Thai

독일; 독일어/히브리어 - Germany; German/Hebrew

러시아; 러시아어 - Russia; Russian

베트남; 베트남어 - Vietnam; Vietnamese

영국; 영어 - England; English

캐나다; 영어/프랑스어 - Canada; English/French

미국; 영어/스페인어 - America; English/Spanish

멕시코; 스페인어 - Mexico; Spanish

프랑스; 프랑스어 - France; French

스페인; 스페인어 - Spain; Spanish

인도; 힌디어/영어 - India; Hindi/English

이탈리아; 이탈리아어 - Italy; Italian

헝가리; 헝가리어 - Hungary; Hungarian

가나; 영어 - Ghana; English

그리스; 그리스어 - Greece; Greek

뉴질렌드; 영어/마오리어 - New Zealand; English/te reo Māori

덴마크; 덴마크어 - Denmark; Danish

레바논; 아랍어/프랑스어 - Lebanon; Arabic/French

루마니아; 루마니아어 - Romania; Romanian

말레이시아; 말레이시아어 - Malaysia; Malaysian

모로코; 아랍어 - Morocco; Arabic

브라질; 포르투갈어 - Brazil; Portuguese 

스웨덴; 스웨덴어 - Sweden; Swedish

스위스; 독일어/프랑스어/이탈리아어/로만슈어/라틴어 - Switzerland; German/French/Italian/Romansch/Latin

아일렌드; 아일렌드어/영어 - Irish/English

알바니아; 알바니아어 - Albania; Albanian

이란; 페르시아어 - Iran; Persian

자메이카; 영어/파톼 - Jamaica; English/Patois

케냐; 영어/스와힐리어 - Kenya; English/Swahili

파키스탄 - 우르두어/영어 - Pakistan; Urdu/English

타이완/대만; 중국어 - Taiwan; Chinese

Some other important vocab:

언어 - language

표준어 - standard language

사투리 ~ 방언* - accent/dialect

우리말 - our language

외국어 - foreign language

대륙 - continent

동양 - the east

서양 - the west

아시아 - Asia

동남아시아 - Southeast Asia 

유럽 - Europe

아프리카 - Africa

북아메리카 - North America

남아메리카 - South America

오세아니아 - Oceania

*사투리/방언 - while it’s generally assumed these are interchangeable, depending on a certain context, they can mean different things. 사투리 refers to the actual regional differences, whereas 방언 can include social differences and slang!

Like I said before, if I missed your country/language, let me know and I will add it!! Unfortunately, this list does not include Indigenous languages - but I am willing to do the extra research to find out more! 

Happy Learning :) 

품사 - Parts of Speech

Since my post from yesterday, I got a lot of requests to do more linguistic terms. I don’t think this is a comprehensive list, so if there’s any that you know that aren’t here, put it in the chat! Enjoy <3

♡ 자음 – consonant    ex. ㄱ, ㄷ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㅇ ♡ 모음 – vowel    ex. 아, 어, 이, 애           Hangul [ x || x ] ♡ 초성 – word-initial consonant    ex. ㅂ in 볶음 ♡ 중성 – word-medial consonant    ex. ㄲ/ㅇ in 볶음 ♡ 종성/ 받침 - word-final consonant (받침 literally means “support”)    ex. ㅁ in 볶음 ♡ 글자 – letter ♡ 발음(하다) – pronunciation (to pronounce)    ex. 볶음 -> 보끔 ♡ 예사소리/평음 – plain consonant (lit. ordinary sound/peaceful note)    ex. ㄱ, ㅂ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ ♡ 된소리/경음 – tense consonant (lit. Fortis sound/hard note)    ex. ㄲ, ㅃ, ㄸ, ㅆ, ㅉ ♡ 거센소리/격음 – aspirated consonant (lit. rough sound); 거센 from 거세다 (to be rough/violent)    ex. ㅋ, ㅍ, ㅌ, ㅊ

✿ 한국어를 배우는 외국인들은 된소리와 거센소리의 발음을 어려워한다. Foreigners learning Korean have a difficult time pronouncing tense and aspirated sounds.✿

♡ 복합어 – compound    ex. 물고기 (물 “water” + 고리 “meat”), 남자친구 (남자 “boy/man” + 친구 “friend”) ♡ 파생어 – derivative    ex. -관 (building – from 館); 영화 “movie” + -관 = 영화관 “theatre (lit. movie building)” ♡ 접두사 – prefix    ex. 되- (similar to “re-” prefix in English); 되- + 들다 “to enter” = 되들다 “to reenter” ♡ 접미사 – suffix    ex. -님 (polite title for someone older/you don’t know); 기사 “driver” + -님 = polite form to address the driver ♡ 어간 – stem    ex. 먹 from 먹다 ♡ 어미 – ending    ex. -고 있다 (progressive tense); 먹다 + -고 있다 = 먹고 있다 “to be eating” ♡ 속어 – slang expression ♡ 숙어 – idiomatic expression ♡ 반의어 – antonym ♡ 유의어 – synonym ♡ 어원 – origin / etymology ♡ 예문 – example ♡ 용언 – a conjugated verb

More Parts of Speech - Related to the Sentence

♡ 명사 – noun    ex. 연필 “pencil”, 사람, “person”, 중국 “China” ♡ 대명사 – pronoun    ex. 나 “I/me (informal)” ♡ 수사 – numeral [go here] ♡ 동사 – verb [x || x || x]    자동사 – intransitive verb (cannot take a direct object)    타동사 – transitive verb (must take a direct object) ♡ 형용사 – adjective    ex. 예쁘다 “to be pretty”, 슬프다 “to be sad” ♡ 관형사 – determiner    ex. 이 “this”, 그 “that”, 저 “that over there” ♡ 부사 – adverb    ex. 나중에 “late”, 천천히 “slowly” ♡ 조사 – particle/postposition    ex. 은/는, 이/가, 을/를, 도, 에/에서 ♡ 감탄사 – interjection    ex. 우와! “wow”, 아야 “ouch”, 대박 “amazing”, 헐 “omg”, 뭐라고?/뭐? “what?” ♡ 문법 – grammar ♡ 시제 – tense    ex. 과거 (시제) “past”, 현재 (시제) “present”, 미래 (시제) “future” ♡ 인칭 – person    ex. 1(일)인칭 (단수) “first person (singular)”, 3(삼)인칭 (복수) “third person (plural)” ♡ 구(문) – phrase [x || x || x || x] ♡ 절 – clause ♡ 문장 – sentence ♡ 주어 – subject ♡ 서술어 – predicate ♡ 목적어 – object    직접 목적어 – direct object    간접 목적어 – indirect object’

Hope this helped! Happy Learning :) 

TOPIC: Greetings and Phrases

Greetings

GENERAL: ╰┈➤ ☆ 你好 nei5 hou2 = hi/hello ╰┈➤ ☆ 再見 zoi3 gin3 = bye/see you again ╰┈➤ ☆ 大家好 daai6 ga1 hou2 = hello (everyone) ╰┈➤ ☆ 喂? wai2 = hello? (phone) TIME SPECIFIC: ╰┈➤ ☆ 早晨 zou2 san4 = good morning ╰┈➤ ☆ 午安 ng5 on1 = good noon ╰┈➤ ☆ 晚上好 maan5 soeng2 hou2 = good evening ╰┈➤ ☆ 晚安 maan5 on1 = good night (casual) ╰┈➤ ☆ 早唞 zou2 tau2 = good night (casual)

Phrases

╰┈➤ ☆ 唔該 ng4/m4 goi1 = thank you (casual; for small favours) ╰┈➤ ☆多謝 do1 ze6 = thank you (more formal/sincere; for larger favours) ╰┈➤ ☆ 唔好意思 ng4/m4 hou2 ji3 si1 = I'm sorry ╰┈➤ ☆ 冇事 mou5 si6 = No worries NOTE: 唔該 and 唔好意思 are also used as "excuse me" when drawing someone's attention

Summary

In English:

dong-chinese's pinyin guide and tone trainer: https://www.dong-chinese.com/learn/sounds/pinyin 

Yoyo Chinese's pinyin chart: https://yoyochinese.com/chinese-learning-tools/Mandarin-Chinese-pronunciation-lesson/pinyin-chart-table 

Yoyo Chinese's tone pairs chart https://yoyochinese.com/chinese-learning-tools/tone-pairs

In Mandarin:

This video is a Mandarin speaker going through the pronunciation of all the initials and finals : https://youtu.be/qKep0hxW_hE?si=xTEEIOj05_pRfRBV 

This Mandarin video playlist that goes through pinyin pronunciation too: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJGfzjcr6g7hC2uptvrKYncItJ9La_dwU

Contains Cantonese:

This 03粤语音标录播课程（粤语拼音）13节课 playlist is a Mandarin speaker explaining Cantonese I think, but the comparison between the pronunciations might be useful: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF9R18laHAEWYcgiwLkLFXQrBG2S3Zr3-&si=nwAR100nV2Q4LTRd

In Cantonese:

결국 - in the end, finally

취업하다 - to get a job

국내 - the interior of a country

제품 - a manufactured product/s or good/s

비교 - comparison

인정 - acknowledgement, approval

영향 - influence, effect

서로 - mutually, each other

안부 - well-being, tidings