My personal collection of language resources

We start with the very grammar basis of italian: the articles.

In italian we have only two genders, MASCHILE (masculine) and FEMMINILE  (feminine). As you can see, we don’t have a neutral gender, like e.g. in german or english, for us, things are just masculine or feminine.

We say “IL or LO” when the noun is masculine and singular - “IL” is used when the name starts with a consonant, “LO” when the words begins with: S + consonant, Z-, PS-, PN-, GN-, X. We say “LA” when the noun is female and singular and begins with a consonant again.

We say “I or GLI” when the noun is masculine and plural - ”I” is used when the name starts with a consonant “GLI” is used when the words

begins with: S + consonant, Z-, PS-, PN-, GN-, X

begins with a vowel

“LE” when the noun is feminine and plural again.

You also have the article “L’” with an apostrophe, that you use when you must indicate a noun that starts with a vowel. It is the same for male or female nouns, the only things that matters when you use “L’“ is that the noun must start with a vowel.

Examples: IL gatto ♂ (the cat) LO studente ♂ (the student) LA penna ♀ (the pen) L’Albero ♂ (the tree) L’Anatra ♀ (the duck) I gatti ♂ (the catS) LE penne ♀ (the penS) GLI alberi ♂ (the treeS) LE Anatre ♀ (the duckS)

These articles are used to indicate a specific object or something definite, basically all of these articles correspond to “THE”, in english.

When you wanna refer to a general object, or to the fact that the stuff you’re talking about is just one (so you want to focus on the quantity), you have to use the indefinite articles:

We say “UNO” or “UN” when the noun is masculine. “UN” is used when the noun is masculine and, generally, both when the word begins with a vowel or a consonant. “UNO” when the words begins with: S + consonant, Z-, PS-, PN-, GN-, X.

“UNA”is used when a feminine name starts with a consonant, “UN’“ (with an apostrophe) is always used when the feminine nouns starts with a vowel.

Examples: UN Palazzo UN Amico UNO Studente UNA Casa UN’Amica

These articles correspond to the english “A or AN”.

TO SUM UP:

DEFINITE ARTICLES

INDEFINITE ARTICLES

If you have some question, just hit my inbox and I’ll aswer ASAP! grammarge-ek.tumblr.com/ask

Here’s an exercise you can use to do some practice: ☼

How to trick natives into thinking German is your first language - stop talking like a textbook

this guide is intended for learners who already have a good grasp of standard written and spoken German and are familiar with basic linguistic terminology

contractions/reductions*

*apostrophes (’) are shown for explanatory purposes, they are usually optional

in sentences with a conjugated modal verb and one infinitive, the infinitive can be omitted if its meaning can be assumed by the relationship between the subject(s) and object(s) Sie will ein Glas Milch haben. > Sie will ein Glas Milch. Kann er Deutsch sprechen? > Kann er Deutsch? Wir wollen nach Deutschland reisen. > Wir wollen nach Deutschland. Ich will zu dir gehen. > Ich will zu dir. Das Kind muss ins Bett gehen. > Das Kind muss ins Bett. Das darf ich nicht machen. > Das darf ich nicht.

the verb infinitive ending -en can become -’n gehen > geh’n sehen > seh’n wollen > woll’n lecken > leck’n

-e can be removed from the end of conjugated verbs habe > hab’ hätte > hätt’ trage > trag’ wäre > wär’

es can be reduced to -’s on the end of the preceding word du es > du’s ich es > ich’s los geht es > los geht’s was gibt es? > was gibt’s?

the ei- is lost from the beginning of the indefinite article ein > ’n eine > ’ne einen > ’nen einem > ’nem einer > ’ner irgendeine > irgend’ne etc.

if du proceeds its conjugated verb, it can be reduced to -e on the end of the preceding verb bist du > biste hast du > haste kannst du > kannste warst du > warste

unofficial prepositional contractions (ein/den/einen becomes -’n, dem becomes -’m, das becomes -’s) auf dem > auf’m durch das > durch’s für das > für’s für ein/den/einen > für’n hinter dem > hinter’m mit dem > mit’m (> mim) unter das > unter’s etc.

reduction of prepositional compounds (dar- becomes dr- and her- becomes r-) darin > drin darauf > drauf heraus > raus herein > rein etc.

in questions with a second or third person singular conjugated verb, “denn” can be moved to directly proceed the verb, where it is reduced to -’n, causing the t sound to be reduced to a glottal stop when pronounced was ist das denn? > was is(t)’n das? wie heißt du denn? > wie heißt’n du? it is common to see more than one of the above contractions/reductions used together das wäre es > das wär’s ich bin es > ich bin’s ich habe es > ich hab’s

some other words that can be reduced/contracted andere > andre besondere > besondre gerade > grade > grad irgendetwas > irgendwas/etwas > was irgendwelche > welche ist > is’ ist so > isso nicht > nich (north) or net/nit (south) nichts > nix mal > ma schonmal > schoma so ist es > so isses

other

corresponding relative pronouns instead of third person pronouns sie > die, ihr > der er > der, ihn > den, ihm > dem sie > die, ihnen > denen

instead of “ja” jap jepp jo joa ju jupp

instead of “nein” nee/ne nöö/nö

instead of “oder?” at the end of a sentence to make it a question ne? (north) gell? (south) nicht wahr? stimmt’s?

make sure you know how to use these words, they will help make you sound less sharp and robotic aber auch bloß doch eben eh einmal erst etwa gerade halt ja mal na naja nun nur ohnehin schon sowieso vielleicht wohl

fillers/expressions of surprise ach/achso - aha/I see/oh okay Alter/Digga/Mann - dude/man/bro/mate ah/äh/eh/oh - ah/oh ahm/ähm/ehm/öhm - um/erm au/aua/autsch - ow/ouch bäh/igitt/pfui - ew/ugh/yuck boah - wow ey - hey/jeez hä? - huh? oha - wow (oh mein) Gott - (oh my) god was zur Hölle/was zum Teufel - what the hell/what the fuck

texting/informal online usage

abbreviations bis bald > bb bis dann > bd bisschen/bisserl/bissle > bissn/bissl eigentlich > eig einfach > einf (gute) Nacht > (g)n8 hab dich (ganz doll) lieb > hd(gd)l ich dich auch > ida ich liebe dich > ild irgendwie > iwie, irgendwann > iwann, irgendwo > iwo, etc. jetzt > jz keine Ahnung > ka kein Bock > kb kein Plan/Problem > kp kein Ding > kd vielleicht > vllt was machst (du so)? > wm(ds)

laughing haha - normal laugh hihi - giggle hehe - cute/evil/annoying laugh höhö/hühü - cute/annoying/sarcastic/satirical/stupid laugh

use this emoji 🙈 (monkey covering eyes with hands) if you are nervous/embarrassed to say something you are talking to or about your crush/boyfriend/girlfriend/etc. something is cute/adorable someone has given you a compliment

pronunciation^

^these apply to the spoken language, written examples are only given for explanatory purposes

-en, -em and -el become syllabic n m and l respectively heißen > heißn diesem > diesm Vogel > Vogl

short i can sound like an unstressed ü or like it has been omitted altogether schwimmen > schwimmn sind > sünt ich habe es > chaps

the combinations ls and ns can sound like there is a t before the s als > alts ich will es > chwüllts eins > eints übrigens > übrigents

d and t before -en are pronounced as a glottal stop with the lips apart and the tip of the tongue touching just behind the top front teeth braten > bra'n retten > re'n Duden > Du’n finden > fin'n

g and k before -en are pronounced as a glottal stop with the lips apart and the back/middle of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth, the en is pronounced as syllabic ng because of the tongue position packen > pa'ng zocken > zo'ng Magen > Ma'ng Flaggen > Fla'ng

b and p before -en are pronounced as a glottal stop with the lips together, the en is pronounced as syllabic m because the lips are together Waschlappen > Waschla’m Krabben > Kra’m mobben > mo’m klappen > kla’m in the case of haben, the glottal stop is sometimes omitted altogether haben > ha’m > ham

SWEDISH (SVENSKA)

Duolingo’s Swedish Course

Igloo Swedish Grammar - Comprehensive grammar guide

Swedish - A brief presentation - 9 basic lessons

Swedish (Google Drive folder full of PDFs)

Colloquial Swedish - Link to download PDF

Tyda.se - EN<=>SV dictionary

The People’s Dictionary - EN<=>SV dictionary

/r/svenska

Memrise | Hacking Swedish, 3000 Most Common Swedish Words

News | 8 SIDOR (easy Swedish), SR Klartext (easy Swedish)

Radio | Sveriges Radio (group of stations)

YouTube | TheSwedishLad (vocab, among other content)

NORWEGIAN (NORSK)

NB - Bokmål, NN - Nynorsk

Duolingo’s Norwegian Course (NB)

NoW - Course made by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NB)

Norwegian (Google Drive folder full of PDFs)

NorwegianLanguage.info - Parts of speech lists and more (mostly NB)

LEXIN Bokmål & Nynorsk Bildesider - Categorised vocab

Norwegian in 5 Minutes a Month - Practical Vocab

Norwegian 4 People - Alphabet & pronunciation with audio

TriTrans - EN<=>NB dictionary (also for Spanish)

LEXIN - NN->EN dictionary

/r/norsk

Memrise | Norsk - 1200 High Frequency Words (NB)

News | Klar Tale (in easy Norwegian), Aftenposten, NRK

Tumblogs | fuckyeahnorwegian, knownorwegian

Radio | NRK P1 (talk, music), NRK P3 (top 40, pop)

TV (On Demand) | NRK TV Utland (shows available outside of Norway), TVNorge on YouTube (show clips including Ylvis)

YouTube | Crienexzy (vocab, grammar)

DANISH (DANSK)

Duolingo’s Danish Course

NetDansk - Two interactive courses

Vores fællessprog - Grammar notes

Basby.dk - Grammar notes

Danish: An Essential Grammar (PDF, downloads automatically)

/r/danishlanguage

Small labs Inc. - EN<=>DA dictionary

Audio | Copenhagencast (podcast of audio lessons, PDF notes available by free subscription)

Memrise | Basic Danish, 500 Most Common Danish Words

Radio | DR (group of stations)

YouTube | Danish Lessons for English Speakers (only a few videos)

ICELANDIC (ÍSLENSKA)

Icelandic Online (via sign up) - Practical courses by the University of Iceland with audio, covering A1 - C1

Mimir - Grammar guide

/r/learnIcelandic

Memrise | Beginner’s Icelandic

News | mbl.is, Vísir

Radio | FM 957 (top 40, Pop), Rás 2 (news, pop)

YouTube | CoolIcelandicLesson (vocab, conversation)

FAROESE (FØROYSKT)

Faroese: A Language Course for Beginners (Google Docs PDF & audio) - Very in-depth practical course

Memrise | Basic Faroese

Radio | KVF Kringvarp Føroya (Faroese music), VoxPop(pop)

TV (On Demand) | KVF.fo (segments)

Other collections:

Celtic: Irish · Welsh · Breton · Scottish Gaelic · Cornish · Manx

Dutch & Afrikaans + West Frisian · Limburgish

These two pairs can be easy to mix up since they only differ by a space, but since their meanings are quite different, it’s important to know how to distinguish them. 

Quoique vs quoi que 

Quoique is a subordinating conjunction which means the same thing as bien que, and it is followed by the subjunctive mood.  

Quoiqu'elle fasse tout pour lui, il la traite mal. = Even though / Although she does everything for him, he treats her badly. 

Quoiqu'il soit malade, il sera présent à la réunion. = Even though / Although he’s sick, he’ll be present at the meeting.

Quoi que is a double relative pronoun which approximately means ‘whatever…’ and is also followed by the subjunctive mood. 

Quoi qu'elle fasse pour lui, il la traite mal. = Whatever she does for him, he treats her badly. (compare with the example above — they look very similar but they are not identical)

Quoi qu'il dise, nous le croyons. = Whatever he says, we believe him. 

Quelque vs quel que 

Quelque has a few different usages, including ‘some’ (quelques livres = some books) or ‘about’ (quelques trois personnes = about three people), but the usage that is most likely be to confused with quel que is a more literary usage where quelque means as/so in an adverbial sense and is followed by the subjunctive mood. 

Quelque souriant qu'il soit, il te déteste. = As cheerful/happy as he is, he hates you. 

Quelque intelligents qu'ils soient, ils ne réussiront pas. = As intelligent as they are, they won’t succeed. 

Quel que is again a double relative pronoun followed by the subjunctive, and means approximately “whatever … may be.” Quel also agrees in gender and number with the noun that follows the verb, becoming quels, quelle, or quelles.

Quels que soient ses sourires, il te déteste. = Whatever his smiles may be, he hates you. 

Quelle que soit votre décision, je viendrai. = Whatever your decision may be, I’ll come.

Further reading/resources: 

Quoique / quoique: one two three

Brazilian organization puts racists’ tweets on billboards near their homes

I’ve been on the hunt for Norwegian TV shows for listening practice recently, and so I thought that I’d share everything I found!

First of all, there are tons of episodes offered by NRK Super, a Norwegian TV & radio channel aimed at children and run by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.

http://tv.nrksuper.no/utland

In addition to their children’s network, they also have a number regular networks, which include NRK1, NRK2, and NRK3. Their main network is simply NRK (www.nrk.no), which all of these are listed under.

http://tv.nrk.no/programmer/utland

I also found a bunch of episodes of a Norwegian comedy show on YouTube called Alle Sammen Sammen. It looks much like a Disney style show, from what I can tell (it’s part of NRK Super’s shows, and I think you can watch it on their website as well) . Here’s the link in case anyone’s interested!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSTpFu0rvBE

Finally, I found an episode of a Norwegian drama called Himmelblå. It’s in multiple clips per episode it looks like, but they’ve got a bunch of them up on Youtube!

Here is the description:

“Single Marit, mother of two kids, leaves the city after applying for a job on the remote island Ylvingen in the northern Norway after an ad in a National paper. A challenge both for them and the islanders.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI6drsaXmLQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJrb4FAhqIs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD2Ji2hQjbU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfI-H72fclw

Lille Prinsesse

These are just a few episodes - if you search “Lille Prinsesse” on YouTube, you can find plenty more!

Lille Prinsesse - Jeg liker ikke salat

Lille Prinsesse - Jeg vil ikke bade

Lille Prinsesse -  Hvem slått av lysene?

Winnie the Pooh

Ole Brumm - Små Viktige Ting

Ole Brumm - En For Alle, Alle For En

Ole Brumm - En Stor Oppdagelsesdag

Ole Brumm - Leketid Med Brumm

Ole Brumm - En Valentinhilsen Til Deg

Complete, up-to-date contents of the Language Library, now rebloggable!

Note: I don’t host anythng, I just collate links so if anything gets deleted I may or may not be able to replace it. Please let me know if there are any broken links. Also, some of the links won’t load until you remove the ‘denied’ from in front of the url. Study well!

Afrikaans

Teach Yourself Afrikaans

Colloquial Afrikaans

Arabic

Arabic - An Essential Grammar

A Reference of Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic

Beginner’s Guide to Arabic [Mohtanick Jamil]

Learning to Read Arabic: A Beginner’s Guide [Dr Mahjoob Zweiri]

Teach Yourself Arabic

In-Flight Arabic: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Eastern Arabic I, 2nd ed

Eastern Arabic II

Eastern Arabic III

Egyptian Arabic

Living Language - Starting Out in Arabic Transcript

Living Language - Arabic to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language - eTicket Arabic

Living Language - iKnow Arabic - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Arabic Program Transcript

Albanian

Albanian grammar

Colloquial Albanian

Albanian Basic Course, Volume 1, Lessons 1-16

Albanian Basic Course - Workbook for Exercises in Grammar

The Albanian Language (Peace Corps)

Albanian Grammar [Victor A. Friedman]

Bengali

Teach Yourself Bengali

Bengali Grammar Summary and Review (Declension of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs | Numbers and Time | Study Questions and Answers)

Bengali Script Practice 1 (ANSWERS)

Bengali Alphabet

Bengali to English Dictionary (Romanized)

A Bengali Grammatical Pattern

Introduction to Bengali

Bulgarian

A Short Grammar of Bulgarian

Teach Yourself Bulgarian

A Concise Bulgarian grammar [John Leafgren]

Catalan

Teach Yourself Catalan (second source)

Colloquial Catalan

Cantonese

Routledge Grammars - Basic Cantonese - A Grammar and Workbook (second source)

Routledge Grammars - Intermediate Cantonese - A Grammar and Workbook

Colloquial Cantonese

Cantonese Basic Course, Volume One

Cantonese Reading Booklet

Chinese

Routledge Grammar - Basic Chinese - A Grammar and Workbook (2nd ed)

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Chinese - A Grammar and Workbook

Using Chinese Synonyms

Using Chinese - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Chinese - A Comprehensive Grammar

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar - A Practical Guide (second source)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar - Workbook [Claudia Ross, Jinh-heng Sheng Ma, Baozhang He]

Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 1

New Practical Chinese Reader Workbook 1

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 2

New Practical Chinese Reader Workbook 2

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 3

New Practical Chinese Reader Workbook 3

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 4

(You can download the corresponding audio files for the ‘New Practical’ series here)

Schaum’s Outlines: Chinese Grammar

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, 2nd ed. [Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington]

A Dictionary of Chinese Characters - Accessed by Phonetics [Stewart Paton]

In-Flight Chinese: Learn Before you Land

Mandarin Chinese I, 2nd ed

Mandarin Chinese II

Mandarin Chinese III

Living Language - Starting Out in Chinese Transcript

Living Language - Chinese to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Chinese

Living Language - iKnow Chinese - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Chinese Program Transcript

Croatian

Colloquial Croatian: The Complete Course for Beginners [Celia Hawkesworth]

In-Flight: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Czech

Czech - An Essential Grammar

Czech Reading Booklet

In-Flight Czech: Learn Before you Land

Dari

Dari Persian

Danish

Danish - An Essential Grammar

Danish - An Elementary Grammar and Reader

Teach Yourself Danish

Colloquial Danish

Dutch

Routledge Grammar - Basic Dutch - A Grammar and Workbook

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Dutch - A Grammar and Workbook

Dutch - An Essential Grammar (second source) (third source)

Dutch - A Comprehensive Grammar (second source)

Colloquial Dutch (second source)

Colloquial Dutch 2 (second source)

Hugo in 3 Months Dutch

Hugo Advanced Courses Taking Dutch Further

Teach Yourself Beginner’s Dutch

Teach Yourself Dutch

Teach Yourself Dutch Grammar

In-Flight Dutch: Learn Before you Land

English

English - An Essential Grammar

A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar

Colloquial English

Grammar Workbook

African American English: A Linguistic Introduction [Lisa J. Green]

English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed [Angela Downing, Philip Locke]

Living Language - Easy English Vocabulary Glossary (Lesson 12 ‘Around the House’ Audio) (Lesson 13 ‘Activities and Interests’ Audio) (Lesson 14 ‘Having Fun with Friends’ Audio)

Living Language- Inglés para Llevar: Más de 300 expresiones, frases y palabras imprescindibles

Living Language: eTicket Ingles

Practice Makes Perfect: Mastering Grammar [Gary Robert Muschla]

Grammar for Everyone: Practical tools for learning and teaching grammar [Barbara Dykes]

English Grammar, 3rd ed [Eugene Ehrlich]

501 Reading Comprehension Questions, 4th ed

Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English [Christopher Davies]

Destination B1 - Grammar & Vocabulary with Answer Key [Malcolm Mann, Steve Taylore-Knowles]

Destination B2 - Grammar & Vocabulary with Answer Key [Malcolm Mann, Steve Taylore-Knowles]

English Grammar in Use, 2nd ed [Raymond Murphy]

Official Dictionary of Unofficial English

Farsi

Farsi (Persion) Reading Booklet

Finnish

Finnish - An Essential Grammar

Conversational Finnish

French

Using French Vocabulary

A Student Grammar of French

The Syntax of French

Colloquial French 2

Collins Learn French with Paul Noble (Review Booklet) (second source)

Descriptive Grammar of the Standard French language

In-Flight French: Learn Before you Land

French I, 2nd ed

French II, 3rd ed

French III, 2nd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in French Transcript

Living Language - French to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket French

Living Language - iKnow French - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level French Program Transcript

500 самых важных слов французского языка

Collins Easy Learning French Grammar (second source)

German

Routledge Grammar - Basic German - A Grammar and Workbook (second source)

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate German - A Grammar and Workbook (second source) (third source)

German - An Essential Grammar (second source) (third source)

Using German Synonyms (second source)

The Structure of German

German Familiarization and Short Term Training

German Basic Course, Units 1-12

Collins Learn German with Paul Noble (Review Booklet)

Modern German Grammar A Practical Guide, 2nd ed

In-Flight German: Learn Before you Land

German II, 3rd ed

German III, 2nd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in German Transcript

Living Language - German to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket German

Living Language - iKnow German - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level German Program Transcript

Practice Makes Perfect - German Vocabulary [Ed Swick]

Practice Makes Perfect - German Pronouns and Prepositions [Ed Swick]

Practice Makes Perfect - German Verb Tenses [Astrid Henschel]

Practice Makes Perfect - German Sentence Builder [Ed Swick]

Routledge Intensive German Course [Paul Hartley]

German: A Linguistic Introduction [Sarah M.B. Fagan]

German Grammar Drills [Ed Swick]

German Quickly - A Grammar for Reading German

Intermediate German for Dummies [Wendy Foster]

Essential German Grammar [Martin Durrell, Katrin Kohl, Gudrun Loftus]

German The Easy Way, 2nd ed [Paul G Graves, Henry Strutz]

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German on Your Own [Alice Müller, Stephan Müller]

Cassell’s Colloquial German, A Handbook of Idiomatic Usage

Using German: A Guide to Contemporary Usage, 2nd ed [Martin Durrell]

Modern German Grammar: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed [Bill Dodd, Christine Eckhard-Black, John Klapper, Ruth Whittle]

Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook

Deutsche Grammatik: einfach, kompakt und übersichtlich [Heike Pahlow]

Gujarati

Teach Yourself Gujarati

Colloquial Gujarati

Greek

Greek - An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language

Colloquial Greek

Greek Basic Course

In-Flight Greek: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Living Language: eTicket Greek

Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole Reading Booklet

Hungarian

Hungarian - An Essential Grammar

The Syntax of Hungarian

Colloquial Hungarian

There is More to Hungarian than Goulash - Grammar Course for Beginners

Practical Hungarian Grammar [Miklós Törkenczy]

In-Flight Hungarian: Learn before you Land (second source)

Hungarian Reading Booklet

Hebrew

Modern Hebrew - An Essential Grammar

Colloquial Hebrew

Hebrew Basic Course

Biblical Hebrew: A Text and Workbook [Bonnie Pedrottie Kittel, Vicki Hoffer, Rebecca Abts Wright]

In-Flight Hebrew: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Hebrew I

Modern Hebrew II (second source)

Modern Hebrew III

Hindi

Hindi Reading Booklet

Icelandic

The Syntax of Icelandic

Colloquial Icelandic

Teach Yourself Icelandic

Harry Potter og Vitramannasteinurin

Irish

Routledge Grammar - Basic Irish - A Grammar and Workbook

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Irish - A Grammar and Workbook

Colloquial Irish - The Complete Course for Beginners

Irish Grammar - A Basic Handbook

Buntús na Gaeilge: Irish for Adult Learners - Cuid a hAon [Barbara Hillers, Bettina Kimpton] (Textbook for Celtic 132: Introduction to Modern Irish Harvard 2007)

Buntús na Gaeilge: Irish for Adult Learners - Cuid a Dó [Barbara Hillers, Bettina Kimpton] (Textbook for Celtic 133r: Intermediate Modern Irish Harvard 2005)

Buntús na Gaeilge: Irish for Adult Learners - Cúrsa Samhraidh [Barabra Hillers, Bettina KImpton] (Textbook for Celtic S-132: Introduction to Modern Irish, Harvard Summer School 2013)

Italian

Routledge Grammar - Basic Italian - A Grammar and Workbook (second source)

Using Italian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Using Italian Vocabulary

Modern Italian Grammar a Practical Guide (second source)

Modern Italian Grammar Workbook

Colloquial Italian

Colloquial Italian 2

Collins Learn Italian with Paul Noble (Review Booklet)

Routledge Intensive Italian Workbook [Anna Proudfoot, Tania Batelli-Kneale, Anna di Stefano, Daniela Treveri Gennari]

In-Flight Italian: Learn Before you Land

Italian I, 2nd ed

Italian II, 2nd ed

Italian III, 2nd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in German Transcript

Living Language - Italian to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every situation

Living Language: eTicket Italian

Living Language - iKnow Italian- Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Italian Program Transcript

Indonesian

Indonesian - A Comprehensive Grammar

Indonesian Reference Grammar

Japanese

In-Flight Japanese: Learn Before you Land

Japanese I, 3rd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in Japanese Transcript

Living Languages - Japanese to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Japanese

Living Language - iKnow Japanese - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Japanese Program Transcript

Korean

Routledge Grammar - Basic Korean - A Grammar and Workbook (second source) (third source) (fourth source)

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Korean - A Grammar and Workbook (second source) (third source)

Using Korean - A Guide to Contemporary Usage (second source)

Korean Grammar for International Learners

Colloquial Korean - The Complete Course for Beginners (second source) (audio files)

Korean Level 1 (Seoul National University)

Essential Korean [Ellen K. Yoon] (second source) (audio files)

Dirty Korean: Everyday Slang from “What’s Up?” to “F*%# Off!” [Haewon Geebi Baek] (second source)

Pathfinder in Korean Beginning Student Book

Pathfinder in Korean Workbook

Continuing Korean (audio files)

Korean Grammar for International Learners [Ho Bin Ihm, Kyung Pyo Hong, Suk In Chang] (second source)

The Sounds of Korean - A Pronunciation Guide (audio files)

Korean Word Book [Marshal R Pihl]

My First Book of Korean Words: An ABC Rhyming Book [Henry J. Amen IV, Kyubyong Park]

Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage [Miho Choo, Hye-Young Kwak]

College Korean (second source)

Intermediate College Korean [Clare You, Eunsu Cho]

Elementary Korean [Ross King, Jae-Hoon Yeon]

Hippocrene Beginner’s Series - Beginner’s Korean (second source) (audio files)

Korean From Zero 1

Korean Grammar in Use: Beginning to Early Intermediate

Korean through English, Book One (second source) (audio files)

Living Language Korean Course (audio files)

Modern Conversational Korean

Korean: A Complete Course for Beginners [Jaemin Roh]

My Korean 1 [Young-A Cho, In-Jung Cho, Douglas Ling] (second source) (audio files)

My Korean 2 [Young-A Cho, In-Jung Cho, Douglas Ling] (second source) (audio files)

Step by Step: Korean through 15 Action Verbs [Dr In Ku Kim-Marshall]

Beginner TOPIK Grammar & Vocabulary

Intermediate TOPIK Grammar

TOPIK Elementary Adjectives

TOPIK Elementary Grammar

TOPIK Elementary Nouns

TOPIK Intermediate Adjectives

TOPIK Intermediate Grammar

TOPIK Intermediate Nouns

TOPIK Intermediate Verbs

TOPIK Listening Files

Korean In Action: For International Learners [Gi-Hyun Shin, Adrian Buzo]

Making Out in Korean (second source)

Integrated Korean - Level 1 (audio files)

Teach Yourself Korean (audio files)

Seoul National University - Korean 1

Seoul National University - Korean 2

Seoul National University - Korean 4 (audio files)

Korean for Dummies (audio files) (cheat sheet)

Korean Advanced Course Volume II

Active Korean 1 (audio files)

Hanyang Korean 1 (Grammar & Patterns) (Writing Practice)

Frequently Used Korean Dialogue 2000 Sentences

The Korean Language Structure, Use and Context [Jae Jung Song]

Tense and Aspect in Korean

Korean Honorifics and Politeness in Second Language Learning

Easy to Learn Korean Language

In-Flight Korean (audio files) (second source) (third source)

Korean I

Korean II

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [ Korean]

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [Korean]

Latvian

A Short Grammar of Latvian

Teach Yourself Latvian

Colloquial Latvian

Lithuanian

A Short Grammar of Lithuanian

Teach Yourself Lithuanian

Colloquial Lithuanian

Norwegian

Norwegian - An Essential Grammar (second source)

Colloquial Norwegian

Norwegian HeadStart Student Study Guide

Norwegian on the Web - Short Norwegian grammar [Olaf Husby]

Norwegian on the Web -  Basic Norwegian Words [Olaf Husby]

Ny i Norge Tekstbok

Norwegian Phrase Dictionary and Study Guide

Norwegian Verbs & Essentials of Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of Norwegian [Louis Janus]

Teach Yourself - Norwegian Conversation [Margaretha Danbolt Simons]

Teach Yourself - Speak Norwegian with Confidence

Teach Yourself Norwegian [Margaretha Danbolt Simons]

DK Hugo Norwegian in Three Months

Practical Norwegian grammar [Åse-Berit e Rolf Strandskogen]

Norueguês: Uma Gramática Essencial [Åse-Berit e Rolf Strandskogen]

норвежский разговорник и словарь

Norwegisch Wort für Wort

Langenscheidts Praktische Grammatik - Norwegisch

Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3. Auflage) [Bjørn Kvifte, Verena Gude-Husken]

Norwegian Reading Booklet

Pashto

Pashto

Pashto II

Polish

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Polish - A Grammar and Workbook

Polish - An Essential Grammar

A Grammar of Contemporary Polish

Colloquial Polish

Polish Grammar in a Nutshell [Oscar E. Swan]

In-Flight Polish: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Polish Reading Booklet

A Grammar of Contemporary Polish [Oscar E. Swan]

Portuguese

Portuguese - An Essential Grammar

Using Portuguese - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

In-Flight Portuguese: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Living Language: Portuguese to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Portuguese

Portuguese (Brazilian)

Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil

Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil 2 (second source)

Brazilian Portuguese I

Brazilian Portuguese II

Russian

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Russian - A Grammar and Workbook

Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Using Russian Vocabulary

A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, 3rd ed [Terence Wade] (second source) (third source)

A Reference Grammar of Russian (second source)

Colloquial Russian 2

In-Flight Russian: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Russian II, 2nd ed

Russian III, 2nd ed

Living Language: Russian to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

The Oxford Russian Grammar & Verbs

Romanian

Romanian - An Essential Grammar (second source) (third source)

Colloquial Romanian (second source) (audio files)

Romanian Grammar Workbook for Peace Corps Volunteers

Romanian Basic Course, Volume I, Lessons 1-15

Romanian Reference Grammar

Teach Yourself Romanian (audio files)

Serbian

Serbian - An Essential Grammar

Teach Yourself Serbian

Spanish

Routledge Grammar - Basic Spanish - A Grammar and Workbook

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Spanish - A Grammar and Workbook

Spanish - An Essential Grammar

Using Spanish Synonyms

Using Spanish Vocabulary

Using Spanish - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

A Student Grammar of Spanish

Modern Spanish Grammar A Practical Guide

The Syntax of Spanish

Spanish Basic Course, Units 31-45

Collins Learn Spanish with Paul Noble (Review Booklet)

Collins Spanish Grammar & Practice

In-Flight Spanish: Learn Before you Land

Spanish I, 2nd ed

Spanish II, 3rd ed (2nd ed)

Living Language - Starting Out in Spanish Transcript

Living Language: Spanish to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Spanish

Living Language - iKnow Spanish- Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Spanish Program Transcript

Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed [Juan Kattan-Ibarra, Christopher J. Pountain]

Swahili

Swahili Basic Course, 2nd ed

Coloquial Swahili: The Complete Course for Beginners [Donovan McGrath, Lutz Marten]

In-Flight Swahili: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Swedish

Swedish - An Essential Grammar (second source)

Teach Yourself Swedish

Teach Yourself Swedish 1995

Colloquial Swedish (second source) (third source)

Swedish Basic Course

Essential Swedish Grammar - All The Grammar Really Needed for Speech and Comprehension [Julian Granberry]

Speak Swedish with Confidence [Regina Harkin]

Funktionell Svensk Grammatik [Maria Bolander]

In-Flight Swedish - Learn Before you Land (second source) (third source)

201 Swedish verbs [Richard P Aulette]

Living Language: eTicket Swedish

Tagalog

Tagalog Reading Booklet

Thai

Thai - An Essential Grammar

Teach Yourself Thai

Colloquial Thai

Thai Basic Course, Volume 2

In-Flight Thai: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Thai Reading Booklet

Living Language: eTicket Thai

Turkish

Turkish Grammar

Turkish - A Comprehensive Grammar

Hugo’s Simplified System: Turkish in Three Months

In-Flight Turkish: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Urdu

Urdu - An Essential Grammar

Urdu Reading Booklet

Ukrainian

Ukrainian, 2nd ed

Vietnamese

In-Flight Vietnamese: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Welsh

Modern Welsh -  A Comprehensive Grammar

The Syntax of Welsh

Colloquial Welsh

Yoruba

Norwegians are weird. I say this out of affection. I’m half Norwegian. I’ve lived in Norway for years at a time, and I’ve visited many, many times before. My most recent visit was brief. It was June. It was cold. It was expensive. And I didn’t get any major stories out of it. But it did remind me of all the bizarre habits and peculiarities of the Norwegian people.

Being Norwegian Means Never Having to Say You’re Sorry

I speak fluent Norwegian. You can learn a lot about a people just by learning their language. For example, in Norwegian:

“Hey you” is a common and acceptable way to refer to anyone at any time. A stranger, friend, lover—maybe not your boss. Even then, if you said it in the right tone, you could get away with it.

There is no word for sorry. There’s “excuse me” and “I feel bad for you.” No sorry. Nothing you can say in Norwegian that implies both guilt and regret simultaneously. Consequently, Norwegians rarely feel either one.

Note: Some readers argued that the Norwegian word “Beklager” is a significant display of remorse. But this is the word for apology. I don’t care if it’s used to mean “I’m sorry,” it’s used rarely and I refuse to accept that hanging your head and saying “Apology” is a sign of actual remorse.

There are only two terms of endearment in Norwegian, and one of them is “dear.” The other is “my friend,” which is even worse, because you don’t even use it for friends. You use “my friend” with your kids. Call your own child “my friend” in Norway and you’ve just expressed over-the-top affection for them. Call an actual friend “my friend,” and they’ll think you’ve got a brain tumor.

hey there loves!!! this is a masterpost all about studying a foreign language. i’m learning spanish at a level [and began learning german a while back too] and these are some tips i picked up along my journey! hope they’ll be of help to you :]

why should i study a foreign language?

to learn about new cultures

so u can communicate with other people

and impress them too B-)

to have a different travel experience

to make friends with people from other countries

so you can develop confidence within yourself

it makes u smarter in a lot of ways!!!

makes u more employable

to study/live abroad

helps u become more open minded

etc.

some links to help you learn on your own

duolingo

memrise

babbel

languages masterpost

another language learning masterpost

check out my tags

spanish

spanish essay phrases

spanish checker

best online spanish dictionary and translator!!!!

learn maltese [my native language hello!!!!]

japanese

korean!!!

synonyms!!!

french checker

french grammar

french resources!!!!!!

another proof reading program

more language stuff ft. a lot of languages

top 25 youtube channels for learning languages

what more you can do for yourself

immerse yourself in the language everyday to make sure u stay consistent in ur studies of the language

keep a vocab notebook

make ur own notes!!!

start reading newspapers or articles online [go here and pick ur language. happy reading!!!]

LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE IT’S SUPER NICE!!!! [if u wanna ask me for recs i have some]

watch youtubers in the language ur studying!!!

watch tv shows in the language w/ subtitles [u might even find ur fav show online in a different language]

every little helps u

practice speaking it [even to yourself in a mirror]

+speak it aloud!!

try using the words u learn in ur everyday life

find a partner u can learn with, it makes life sooo much better!!!

don’t be afraid to make mistakes, it has to happen. nobody’s perfect!!

leave ur comfort zone, don’t be afraid to talk to people who speak the foreign language ur learning

LISTEN!!!! this helps u become familiar to the language

watch people talk, this helps w/ ur pronunciation

have fun with it!!! after all the swearing when u can’t get verbs right, it’s actually quite fun B-)

First of all, we would like to thank funwithlanguages for this great idea, but mainly for letting people participate in such an interesting activity!

—

Verbs

be - vera/vertu/verið þið

there is - það er

have - hafa

do - gera

create (aka “make”) - skapa

cause (aka “make”) - valda

go - fara

say - segja

speak - tala

know - vita

think - hugsa

want - vilja

like - líka

can - get

need - þörf

should - ætti

try - reyna

feel - finna

work (also as a noun) - vinna

learn - læra

understand - skilja

get (meaning “obtain”) - fá

use - nota

start - byrja

eat - borða

see - sjá

write - skrifa

give - gefa

sleep - sofa

buy - kaupa

decide - ákveða

find - finna

ask - spyrja

meet (meaning to meet someone for the first time) - kynnast

meet (meaning “meet up with”) - hitta

take - taka

Phrases

hello - hæ/halló

goodbye - bæ/bless

“Nice to meet you.” - gaman að kynnast þér

yes - já

no - nei

okay - allt í lagi

please - uh, vikings are not known for being polite, so “please” is not used, as it is in English.

thank you - takk

you’re welcome - verði þér að góðu

sorry - fyrirgefðu

excuse me (to catch someone’s attention) - afsakaðu

well (as in “Well, I think that…”) - jæja

Really? - í alvöru?

Conjunctions

that (as in “I think that…” or “the woman that…”) - að/sem

and - og

or - eða

but - en

though - þó

because - því að

therefore - þess vegna

if - ef

Prepositions

before (also as a conjunction) - fyrir/á undan/áður after (also as a conjunction) - eftir á

of - af

from - frá to - til

in - í

at (place) - hjá

at (time) - klukkan

with - með

about - um

like (meaning “similar to”) - eins og

for (warning, this one has several meanings that you need to take care of) - fyrir/handa

Adjectives and adverbs

a lot - margt/mikið a little - smávegis

good / well - gott/vel bad / badly - vont/slæmt/illilega

more (know how to say “more … than”) - meira better (often irregular and not just “more good”) - betra

most - mest

enough - nóg

even (as in “this could even be”) - jafnvel (þetta gæti jafnvel verið)

right - rétt wrong - vitlaust

Adjectives

the, a (technically articles) - Icelandic has those articles integrated in the words, it’s complicated.

this (also as a noun) - þetta that (also as a noun) - þetta/það

all - allt some - eitthvað/sum no - ekkert/enginn

other - annar

any - einhver

easy - auðvelt hard - hart

early - snemma late - seint

important - mikilvægt/áriðandi

cool (as in “that’s cool”) - flott

same - sami

different - öðruvísi

beautiful - fallegt

Adverbs

very - mjög

too (as in “too much”) - of

also - líka/einnig

only - einungis/bara

now - núna

here - hér

maybe - kannski/mögulega

always - alltaf/ætíð often - oft sometimes - stundum never - aldrei

today (also as a noun) - í dag yesterday - í gær tomorrow - á morgun

almost - næstum því

still - enn/ennþá

already - nú þegar

Nouns

thing - hlutur

person - manneskja

place - staður

everything - allt something - eitthvað nothing - ekkert

time (as in “a long time”) - tími (langur tími/langt síðan)

times (as in “I did it 3 times”) - sinnum

friend - vinur

mother, father, parent - móðir, faðir, foreldri

daughter, son, child - dóttir, sonur, barn

wife, husband - eiginkona/kona, eiginmaður/maður

girlfriend, boyfriend - kærasta, kærasti

breakfast - morgunmatur

lunch - hádegismatur

dinner - kvöldmatur

money - peningar/peningur

day - dagur

year - ár

hour - klukkutímí

week - vika

house - hús

office - skrifstofa

language - tungumál

name - nafn

word - orð

company - fyrirtæki

Internet - alheimsvefurinn

Question Words

who - hver

what - hvað

where - hvar

when - hvenær

why - af hverju

how - hvernig

how much - hversu mikið

Pronouns

I - ég

you - þú

she, he - hún, hann

it - það

we - við

you (plural) - þið

they - þau

they are (as in “those people”) - þau eru

they are (as in “those guys”) - þeir eru

they are (as in “these girls”) - þær eru

오다: to come

마시다: to drink

먹다: to eat

주다:  to give

가다: to go

듣다:  to hear

배우다: to learn

만들다: to make

앉다: to sit

자다: to sleep

씻다: to wash

쓰다: to write

울다: to cry

갖다: to have

웃다: to laugh

보다: to see

일어나다: to get up

걷다: to walk

춤추다: to dance

만나다: to meet

공부하다: to study

운전하다: to drive

사다: to buy

읽다: to read

주문하다: to order

입다: to wear

찍다: to take (picture)

쓰다: to wear (hat, eyewear)

신다:  to wear (shoes, socks, footwear)

빌리다: to borrow, lend

전화하다: to telephone

말하다: to talk, speak

가르치다: to teach

기다리다: to wait

걸다: to call, dial

청소하다: to clean

타다: to ride

나가다: to exit

들어오다: to enter

물어보다: to ask

필요하다: to need

도와주다: to help

열다: to open

닫다: to close

일하다: to work

쉬다: to rest

운동하다: to exercise

생각하다: to think

알다: to know

모르다: to not know

요리하다: to cook

끓이다: to boil

썰다:  to chop, slice

튀기다: to deep fry

재다: to measure, weigh

섞다: to mix, blend

굽다: to roast, grill, bake

볶다: to fry

찌다: to steam

휘젓다: to stir

하다: to do

있다: to have

없다: to not have

이야기하다:  to talk, chat (story)

연습하다: to practice

묻다: to ask

내다: to pay

살다: to live

죽다: to die

태어나다: to be born

사랑하다: to love

좋아하다: to like

싫어하다: to hate, dislike

결혼하다: to marry

축하하다: to congratulate

걱정하다: to worry

약속하다: to promise

거짓말하다: to lie

고백하다: to confess

죄송하다: to be sorry

찾다: to find, to look for

준비하다; to prepare

가지다: to have

기억하다: to remember

꿈꾸다: to dream

시작하다: to start

끝나다: to finish

보내다: to send

사용하다: to use

팔다: to sell

싸우다: to fight

대답하다: to answer

소개하다: to introduce

출발하다: to depart

도착하다: to arrive

벗다: to undress, take off clothes

이기다: to win, defeat

지다: to lose, be defeated

서두르다: to hurry, rush

Okay so one of my tumblr friend asked me what french movie she could watch, so I wanted to make a list for her, there might be some missing, feel free to add some you like ! :) Here we go:

(French Name/American name)

Funny Comedies :

Intouchables / The Intouchables

L’Arnacoeur / Heartbreaker

Les Infidèles / Les Infidèles

Astérix et Obélix: mission Cléopâtre / Asterix and Obelix: MIssion Cleopatra

Le Prénom / What’s in a name?

Les Visiteurs / Les Visiteurs

Les Gendarmes à St. Tropez / The Troops of St.Tropez (and all the following movies)

Qu’est-ce qu’on a fait au bon dieu? / Serial (Bad) Weddings

OSS 117: Le Caire, Nid D’espions / OSS 117: Cairo, Nest Of Spies

OSS 117: Rio ne répond plus / OSS 117: Lost in Rio

RRRrrrr!!! / RRRrrr!!!!

La Cité De La Peur / La Cité De La Peur

Didier / Didier

Le Dîner de Cons /  The Diner Game

Un Indien dans la ville / An Indian in the City

Les Gamins / Les Gamins

Lol (Laughing Out Loud) / Lol (Laughing Out Loud) (the original french version not the crappy remake with Miley Cyrus)

Hors de Prix / Priceless

Populaire /Populaire

Bienvenue chez les ch’tis / Welcome to the Sticks

Less Funny Comedies, Romantic Comedies and Tragedies :

La famille Bélier / The Béliers Family 

Le Premier Jour du Reste de Ta Vie / The First Day of the Rest of Your Life

La Vie d’Adèle / Blue is the Warmest Colour

La Môme / La Vie En Rose

Persepolis / Persepolis

La Pianiste / The Piano Teacher

Paris / Paris (2008 Film)

The Artist / The Artist

Le Péril Jeune / Le Péril Jeune

L’Auberge Espagnol / The Spanish Apartment

Les Poupées Russes / The Russian Dolls

 Chinese Puzzles / Casses-Têtes Chinois (those last three are following)

Le Fabuleux Destin d’Amélie Poulain / Amélie

Les Petits Mouchoirs / Les Petits Mouchoirs 

La Rafle / La Rafle

Les Choristes / The Chorus

L’Emprise 

Action Movies, Thriller and Horror Movies :

La French / The Connection

Wasabi / Wasabi

Taxi / Taxi (Taxi 1,2, 3 and 4)

Banlieu 13 / District 13

La Horde / The Horde

Möbius / Möbius

Mesrine Part 1 and 2 / Mesrine Part 1 and 2

À bouts portant / Point Blank

Les Lyonnais / Les Lyonnais

L’immortel /22 Bullets

JCVD / JCVD

Les Ripoux / My New Partner 

And of course all of Luc Besson’s who are not in french but are from a french director