그래서happy

Imminent elaboration 는대(요), (으)ㄴ대(요) (…, but…, so…) The overall meaning of structures including –대 is circumstantial (given the circumstance that…, in view of the circumstance that…) This form has the English equivalent of so, but, or an even vaguer “…” It carries the feeling that: 1. there may be something else to say or add 2. Or that now that the first thing has been said by the speaker, the listener may wish to ask for clarification or elaboration.

For plain non-past descriptive verbs this shape is used: (으)ㄴ대(요) For all other verbs this shape is used: 는대(요)

같이 갔으면 좋겠는데… I wanted to go along but… Here you can see that there is more to be said on the matter.

(으)ㄴ/는대로– as soon as…, in accordance with…

1. –는대로  as soon as This form has the meaning as soon as ~ happens… 수진 씨가 나가는대로알려 주세요. Please let me know as soon as Sujin comes out.

2. (으)ㄴ/ 는대로 according to…, in accordance with This form means according to, in accordance with, as, with (something) as it was.

내가 말씀하는대로하세요! Do as I say!

The expression 될 수 있는대로…. Means as much as possible (according to what is possible, in line with what can be done)

Expressing intentions – (으)ㄹ계획이에요. Plan to V Attaching 게획, 예정 plus the copula (이에요) to a prospective modifier (으)ㄹ gives the meaning plan, intend to V

-(으)ㄹ계획이다– plan, intend to -(으)ㄹ예정이다– plan, intend to

It can also be used with some other verbs: -(으)ㄹ생각이다–thinking of Ving -(으)ㄹ작정이다– decides, plans to V

Here are some examples:

열심히 공부 직정이에요. I plan to study diligently

나는 중국에 결혼할 계획이에요. I plan to get married in China.

Attaching 게획, 예정 plus the copula (이에요) to a prospective modifier (으)ㄹ gives the meaning plan, intend to V

-(으)ㄹ계획이다– plan, intend to -(으)ㄹ예정이다– plan, intend to

It can also be used with some other verbs: -(으)ㄹ생각이다–thinking of Ving -(으)ㄹ작정이다– decides, plans to V

Here are some examples:

열심히 공부 직정이에요. I plan to study diligently

V는게좋겠어요 it would be best to… A processive plain verb base + 는 게 좋겠어요  (the 게 in this instance is an abbreviated 것이) literally means The fact of Ving would be good. It is translated as it would be best if one Ved, you had best V, Ving would be best. Here are some example sentences:

시험이 많이 있으면, 매일 공부 하는 게 좋겠어요. If (you) have many exams, it would be best to study every day (you’d better study every day)

비가 오면 우산을 가져가는 게 좋겠어요. If it rains, it would be best to bring an umbrella.

-게돼요gets so that… turns out so that…

V게 돼요 has the meaning gets to be so that… it indicates a change by expressing the gradual becoming of a condition that is externally controlled Here are some example sentences: 수업에 오면 알게돼요. If you come to class you will gradually come to understand.

Causatives – 게해요

An adverb + 해요 = the causative form: V게 해요 This form means causes one to V /makes one V

This Korean form expresses simple causation without emphasising coercion or permission; however it is often translated as make. It is also sometimes translated as let or have (as in have someone do)

A normal transitive sentence (one which takes an object) has the structure: subject가 object를 verb

A normal intransitive sentence (one without an object) has the structure: subject가 verb

A causative transitive sentence has the structure: A가 B에게 object 를 verb게 하다 아버지가 아이에게 가과를 먹게해요. The father makes the child eat the apple

A causative intransitive sentence has the structure: A가 B를 Verb게 하다 할머님가 아이를 쉬게해요. Grandma make the child rest.

Here are some example sentences:

어머님가 아이에게 숙제를 하게 하셨어요. Mother made the child do homework

Creating adverbs – 게

To turn verbs into adverbs 게 is attached to the base of a verb. It can only be attached to simple bases that are plain or honorific – it cannot be used with past or future bases. Vbase + 게 - Both processive and descriptive verbs can be used but there is no form for the copula. Instead of the copula, the adverbative form of 돼요 (되게) is used to mean so that it becomes.

Adverbs describe a way something is done or how the subject of an action is.

Here are some example sentences: 좀 더 크게말씀 하세요. Speak a bit more loudly. (speak a little louder)

V는도중에– While Ving..

Using a modifier clause + 도중(에), 동안(에) or 사이(에) gives the meaning While Ving, in the middle of Ving: 남자친구가책을읽는도둥에나는사과를먹었어요. While (my) boyfriend read a book, I ate an apple.

To say is (in the middle of) doing using the copula then this form is used (this is only possible with 중): V는중이에요. The copula is attached to 중 시험 중이에요 = in the middle of an exam

(으)ㄴ / 는바람에– Because of Ving

When 바람 reason, cause +에 is added to a modifying clause it gives the meaning because of Ving, as a consequence of Ving. This structure is usually used to talk about a negative consequence

-Processive modifier 는 +바람에 -descriptive modifier (으)ㄴ+바람에

비가 오는 바람에 바다에 못 갔어요. Because it is raining (we) couldn’t go to the beach

그 사람은 공부 못 하는 바람에 대학교에 못 갔어요. Because that person doesn’t study, they couldn’t go to university.

V(으)ㄴ후에– After Ving….

Using 후에 after, 뒤에 behind or 다음에 next after a modifier clause (see previously posted notes on chapter 19 for more on modifier clauses) creates the meaning after Ving:

먹은후에… = After eating….

Here are some example sentences:

집에 돌아온후에저녁을 먹었어요. After I came back home, I ate dinner.

나는 수업이 끝난뒤에영화관에 갔어요. After lessons had finished, I went to the cinema.

-거든요– you see?

This ending is used to give an explanation in response to what has been said. It gives the feeling of you see? However, is not always translated. It can be used to be polite by keeping conversations going. It does this by inviting a response.

N 에대해서, N에관해서 about, concerning

N 에대해서means about, concerning, with respect to N. N에관해서means the same thing, however it is more formal and bookish:

내  남자친구는 자동차에 대해서 많이 일고 있어요. My boyfriend knows a lot about cars.

그 사람은 엄제나 날씨에 대해서 이야기를 합니다. That person always talks about the weather.

Infinitive descriptive V + 서죽겠어요– so V I could die

Adding 서 죽겠어요 to a descriptive verb in the infinitive gives the meaning I feel so… I could die / I’m incredibly …. etc. 죽겠어요 means I think I am going to die.

-어서좋아요  I’m glad that…, it’s a good thing that

The infinitive of a V +서 좋아요 has a special translation of I’m glad that V, it’s a good thing that V. It has the literal meaning of V happened, so it is good: 남자 친구가 와서좋아요. I’m glad that (my) boyfriend came.

666V어/아 + 서  So, and then

Adding 서 to the infinitive of a VERB can be used to connect sentences and have two different functions:

Cause and result It usually has the meaning so. The first part of the sentence with V어서/V아서 contains the cause and the second part of the sentence gives a result: 돈이 없어서, 가방을 살 수 없어요. I don’t have money, so I can’t buy the bag.

Sequence V어서/ V아서can also have the meaning of V in order to (so as to)… / V and then… It has a feeling of purpose and result and emphasises a strong link in the sequence of events. It is usually used with directional VERBS e.g. go 가- and come 오-: 가게에 가서, 구두를 샀어요. I went to the shops (in order) to buy shoes

(이)라서 – copula+서

Forming the infinitive

The Korean infinitive is important in the formation of many grammatical structures so it is necessary to have a good grasp of what the Korean infinitive is.

The infinitive is formed by dripping the 요 from the plain form (V어요/V어요)  of a VERB:

-고And

V+고 has the meaning V and… It is a one-shape ending so it is the same regardless of whether it follows a vowel or a consonant.

It is used to connect sentences with the meaning does V/is V and… (and also) has Ved/ was V and… (and then)

It is conjugated by attaching 고 to the original stem of a verb which is found by removing 다 from plain form e.g. 먹다 à 먹~ à 먹고 eat and…

You can also attach 고 to past bases: 갔à갔고 went and…

고can also be added to an honorific base –(으)시~: 가시à가시고 (someone esteemed) goes and…

고 can also be used with honorific past base –(으)셨~: 가셨à가셨고 (someone esteemed) went and…

Example sentence: