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RF Antenna Theories & Technologies by Mindware

Published on: 31 Aug, 2022 | 04:48:55 PM

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                                   RF Antennas

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Transmitting antennas efficiently radiate electromagnetic fields and match RF systems to space. Antennas may transmit or receive electromagnetic fields. Transmitting Antennas convert electric current to electromagnetic fields. Receiving antennas convert electromagnetic fields to electric current. In transmitting antennas, an alternating current is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna feed network, causing the antenna to radiate an electromagnetic energy. In receiving mode, an electromagnetic field from an outer source induces an alternating current in the receiving antenna and generates a voltage at the antenna’s feed network. Antennas are used in outdoor and indoor communication systems. Antennas can be used in under water communication systems. Antennas may be implanted inside human body and operate as wearable sensors. Receiving antennas such as parabolic and horn antennas incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to receive the electromagnetic fields and focus the fields to the conductive receiving elements.

An RF antenna is used to convert electric energy into radio waves which enables communication / instruction between two points. These are usually a radio transmitter and receiver, no radio device will work without one. Depending on the applications, antennas can sometimes be as simple as a piece of wire. They work when radio waves reach an antenna and cause the electrons inside it to vibrate. This creates an electric current that duplicates they original signal.

LF bands with a central mast radiator tower from which numerous wires extend radially from the mast to ground and is used for long range military communications.

Mindware is where you will find the best selection of antenna technology. Contact us today for a free consultation.Mindware Indian Barcode Corporation.

 World's best and biggest consultant for Barcodes and RFID Technology~ Contact us today!

RFID 

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic field to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radio transponder, a radio receiver and transmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag transmits digital data, usually an identifying inventory number, back to the reader. This number can be used to track inventory goods.

Passive tags are powered by energy from the RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags are powered by a battery and thus can be read at a greater range from the RFID reader, up to hundreds of meters.

Unlike a barcode, the tag does not need to be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line, RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses, and implanting RFID microchips in livestock and pets enables positive identification of animals. Tags can also be used in shops to expedite checkout, and to prevent theft by customers and employees.

Since RFID tags can be attached to physical money, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has raised serious privacy concerns. These concerns resulted in standard specifications development addressing privacy and security issues. 

How does RFID work?

Every RFID system consists of three components: a scanning antenna, a transceiver and a transponder. When the scanning antenna and transceiver are combined, they are referred to as an RFID reader or interrogator. There are two types of RFID readers -- fixed readers and mobile readers. The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable or permanently attached. It uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data.  The transponder is in the RFID tag itself. The read range for RFID tags varies based on factors including the type of tag, type of reader, RFID frequency and interference in the surrounding environment or from other RFID tags and readers. Tags that have a stronger power source also have a longer read range.

Types of RFID systems

Now that you know how a RFID system works, it is time to get to know the different types of RFID systems in the market. Depending on the frequency band they operate, we find different systems: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF / NFC) and ultra-high frequency (UHF).

There are also two broad categories of systems: passive RFID and active RFID. In the following sections we will see the different frequencies and types of RFID systems.

RFID frequencies

Frequency refers to the size of the wave that is used to communicate the different components of the system. RFID systems that exist in the world operate in low frequency, high frequency or hyper high frequency. Let’s go thoroughly-

Low frequency (LF) RFID

The LF band covers frequencies between 30 KHz to 300Khz. Typical LF RFID systems work with 125 KHz or 134 KHz. This frequency provides a short reading range, about 10 cm, and the reading speed is slow. It is very resistant to external interference. Typical applications of LF are access control and animal control. LF RFID, UHF RFID, and GPS systems are all used in animal management. The specific system selected is usually dependent on the information needed and safety of the animals.

Standard norms for traceability systems for animals are defined in ISO 14223, and ISO / IEC 18000-2. The LF spectrum is not considered a frequency for global applications due to the different frequencies and reading powers that work around the world.

Low Frequency -MINDWARE Clear Disc Tag

High frequency (HF) RFID

The ranges of the HF frequencies go from 3 to 30 MHz Most RFID HF systems work with 13.56 MHz, with reading ranges between 10cm and 1m. Interferences moderately affect HF systems. HF systems are commonly used for ticketing, payments and data transfer applications.

High Frequency Library Tag (MINDWARE Icode Label)

Ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID

UHF systems cover frequency ranges from 300MHz to 3Ghz. RAIN RFID systems comply with the standard UHF Gen2 standard that uses frequencies 860 to 960 MHz there are differences in variation between regions, most of them operate between 900 and 915 Mhz. UHF RFID reading systems can reach more than 12 meters, have very fast data transmission and are very sensitive to interference. UHF tags are easier and cheaper to manufacture compared to LF and HF.

RAIN RFID UHF systems are used in a wide variety of applications. From store inventories to the identification of medications for protection. Most RFID projects currently use UHF (RAIN RFID) technology, making it the fastest growing market segment. The RFID UHF Jewellery Tag is one of the smallest tag in the UHF family and also most economic Jewellery tag suitable for any small obejcts tagging.

MINDWARE Mini UHF Metal Tag

Differences between RFID Frequencies- LF/HF/UHF/          

  Low Frequency

        TAGS

  High Frequency

      TAGS

Ultra High   Frequency

TAGS

The LF band covers frequencies between 30 KHz to 300Khz

The high-frequency band is able to cover frequencies from 3 MHz (Megahertz) to 30 MHz.

UHF systems cover frequency ranges from 300MHz to 3Ghz.

Usually, low-frequency RFID systems operate right around 125 KHz.

High-frequency RFID systems operate around 13.56 MHz

Ultra-high frequency systems operate around 900 to 915 MHz 

Low Frequency can be used in moist situations.

HF bands can also operate in moist conditions. 

UHF is generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as VHF TV signals.

Low-frequency RFID applications can be used for access control and livestock tracking, which is a great benefit.

High-frequency RFID has the use for data transfer applications, ticketing, and payment. 

UHF tags are often used in  parking control and racing where time-marking is crucial, it is also used on docks, in warehouses and on showroom floors.

This frequency band provides a short read range of only 10 cm, but it is not very sensitive to radio wave interference.

High-frequency systems tend to experience reading ranges of 10cm and 1m. moderate sensitivity to radio-wave interference

Out of the three frequencies, the ultra-high frequency is the most sensitive to interference. UHF RFID reading systems can reach more than 12 meters

Low- and high-frequency tags work better on products with water and metal.

Both Low & High-frequency tags work better on products with water and metal.

Tracking metal products or those with high water content, with passive RFID UHF tags can be challenging. 

The LF band covers frequencies between  120 – 150 KHz under water

The HF band covers frequencies between 13.56MHz under water.

The UHF band covers frequencies between 433MHz, 868-928MHz under water.

Low Frequency can be theoretically used for the underwater identification of items.

High Frequency RFID can be used under water only for short range solution.

Ultra High Frequency is too high to allow its use also for underwater contactless application.

            Passive and active RFID systems

Active RFID - Active RFID systems tags transmit their own signal with the information they have stored on the chip because they have their own power. Normally this power source is batteries. Usually Active RFID systems operate at UHF frequencies and offer a reading range of more than 100 meters. They are usually used on very large objects such as wagons, containers or products that have to be controlled in large spaces.

Passive RFID Tags - Passive RFID uses high-power readers that send out a low-frequency, high-power RF signal to battery-free tags. The antenna in the tag is woken up by the amount of energy flowing to it, which wakes up its circuit. The tag then transmits a coded message back to the reader at a different frequency. 

ACTIVE   RFID

PASSIVE RFID

BATTERY ASSISTED PASSIVE (BAP)

Tag Power Source

Internal to Tag

Energy Transfer from the reader via RF

Tag uses internal power source to power on, and energy transferred from the reader via RF to backscatter.

Tag Battery

Yes

NO

Yes

Availability of Tag Power

Continuous

Only within the field reader

Only within the field reader

Required Signal Strength from Tag to reader

High

Very Low

Moderate

Communication Range

Long Range (100cm or more)

Short Range (up to 10cm)

Moderate range ( up to 100cm)

Sensor capability

Availability continuously monitor and record sensor input

Ability to read and transfer sensor values only when tag is powered by reader.

Ability to read and transfer sensor values only when Tag receives RF signal from reader.

Uses of RFID-

RFID dates back to the 1940s; however, it was used more frequently in the 1970s. For a long time, the high cost of the tags and readers prohibited widespread commercial use. As hardware costs have decreased, RFID adoption has also increased.

Some Common uses for RFID Applications include:

1. Pet & Livestock tracking using RFID Solution by MINDWARE.

2. Inventory Management

3. Asset tracking and equipment tracking.

4. Inventory control.

5. Cargo and supply chain logistics.

6. Vehicle tracking.

7. Customer service and loss control.

8. Improved visibility and distribution in the supply chain.

9. Access control in security situations.

10. Shipping

11. Healthcare

12. Manufacturing

13. Retail Sales

14. Tap-and-go credit card payments.

MAXIMUM RANGE OF RFID

It depends on the type of RFID solution that you are using. Passive low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) systems have a read range of approximately 3 feet (1 meter). A passive ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) system has a read range of 10 feet to 25 feet (3 meters to 8 meters) under most conditions, but phased array antennas can read tags from a distance of 100 feet to 600 feet (30 meters to 180 meters) or more. Active RFID systems, on the other hand, can typically be read from 300 feet (90 meters) away, but many can now go up to 1,500 feet (460 meters) or more by employing signal repeaters.

                           RFID Chip

Radio frequency identity (RFID) chips are tiny computer chips connected to miniature antennas that can be placed on or in physical objects. They are used in a wide variety of applications where “contactless” authentication is desired, including toll booths, transit passes, passports, and

Contact less entry keys.

How do you detect an RFID Chip?

In order to detect RFID chips, you must have a RFID chip reader that can send and receive the signals transmitted by the RFID tags.

At first, obtain an RFID chip reader at a specialized online or local electronic retailer.

Secondly, Turn on the RFID chip reader and scan the vicinity of the area you believe RFID chips are present. Although each RFID chip reader is different, RFID chips will generally emit a frequency that will cause the chip reader to produce a beeping noise to indicate the presence of RFID chips.

Thirdly, follow the signal strength with the increase in the series of beeps from the RFID chip reader. If your RFID chip reader has the ability to detect the direction of the frequency, the device will be able to tell you exactly what direction the RFID chip is located.      

 Medical use for RFID Chip-

RFID Inlays, RFID Tags, RFID Labels

When designing an RFID system – a few components typically come to mind, including RFID hardware and software. For hardware, typically RFID Readers, RFID Antennas, & RFID Tags are selected based on the respective use. Other hardware component includes RFID printers and other accessories/ peripherals. 

In regards to an RFID tag, various terminologies are often used including RFID Inlays, RFID Labels & RFID Tags, so here are the differences between – RFID inlays, RFID Tags & RFID labels.         

RFID Inlay:

An RFID Inlay is just the RFID Chip (IC), Tag Antenna and Substrate, typically on a film face. If the substrate has adhesive it’s called a “Wet Inlay”. Otherwise, it’s called a Dry Inlay. 

RFID Label:

If an RFID Inlay in embedded into paper label, it is reference to as an RFID Label or Smart Label.

RFID Tag: 

If the RFID Chip and Tag Antenna are encapsulated (to protect the components or for ease of use case), then it’s referenced as an RFID Tag. If we look the components of an RFID Tag, there are typically the following pieces:

RFID Chip (or Integrated Circuit): Responsible data storage as well as handling processing logic based on the respective protocol.

Tag Antenna: Responsible for receiving and transmitting the signal from the interrogator (AKA RFID Reader). Typically takes up the largest amount of space.

Substrate : Holds everything together.

Now! When we package everything together, there are difference terms that may be used.

If you have any questions regarding what RFID Tag would be right for your use Contact MINDWARE. Contact no. +91 9810822688   e-mail: [email protected]

                 RFID & Barcodes

Barcodes and RFID Tags are regularly being used to track objects through store information, both technologies allow for a wide range of applications which other technologies cannot meet. Below are some of the similarities and the differences between RFID and Barcodes.

 Similarities between RFID and Barcodes –

·      Barcodes and RFID have many similarities including-

·     Barcodes and RFID tags allow you to track objects with ease.

·     Both can store data which can be easily read.

·     You can read information using both fixed and mobile scanners.

However there are many differences between RFID and Barcodes.

Differences between RFID and Barcodes –

ü Barcodes can only be scanned one at a time, unlike RFID which multiple tags can be scanned at once using a single scanner.

ü Barcodes require the scanner to have a direct line – of – sight with code where are RFID is a near field technology, which allows the scanner to read the tags within a range and without a direct line of sight.

Barcodes are typically printed on adhesive labels or on a paper resulting in the barcode being prone to wear and damage which can impact the readability. However, RFID tags are usually embedded with plastic labels or within the object itself, resulting in a more robust which can withstand more damage than barcodes.

ü Barcodes are limited by the type and volume of data that can be store, while RFID allows for up to 2,000 bytes of data to be stored with a single tag.

Now the question is which is good Barcodes or RFID?

It is dependent on your requirement or budget. Barcodes are cheaper and store less information but, RFID can read multiple tags at once at high speed. So, when choosing between barcodes or RFID, it is essential to look at the purpose, environment and potential costs. Not all use case would require RFID tags to be used, some other case will require the technology.

Whether you are looking for Barcodes or RFID you can contact our team (MINDWARE) we will help you choosing the best solution for you as MINDWARE is the biggest consultant for Barcode & RFID Technology.      

Written by MINDWARE~

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Anti-Theft System ( MINDWARE India Consulting )

Anti-Theft Systems are devices which prevent unauthorized access to Cars or other mobile systems. The evolution of Anti-theft systems has ranged from simple key to RFID Tags, Bio metric Identification, and Palm Vein Recognition, etc.

The anti-theft systems are combination of smart sensors coupled with intelligent algorithms which can wisely distinguish between actual theft and fake ones. Upon detection of theft they immediately raise an alarm or notify the user with necessary details like geographical locations, time stamp , state of the device while theft occurred i.e.: If the anti-theft system is considered in automobiles , crucial data like whether the engine was turned on , doors were unlocked ,etc. are transmitted to the owner.

Consider any general anti-theft system, it consists of above mentioned blocks at the minimum level.

Passive and Active Anti-Theft Systems

Passive and active anti-theft devices are the two options available when considering an anti-theft system.

Passive Anti-Theft devices automatically arm themselves when the vehicle is turned off, the ignition key removed, or a door is shut. No additional action is required.

Active Anti-Theft devices require some independent physical action before they are set, such as pushing a button, or placing a “lock” over a vehicle component part. This physical action must be repeated every time the anti-theft device is set or it will not function.

Rf (Radio Frequency) Anti-Theft Systems

RF EAS Anti-theft systemThe Radio Frequency (RF) technology used in anti-Theft systems is based on a very thin, spiral-shaped LC oscillating circuit, which is used to radiate into space the high-frequency electromagnetic waves needed to operate the system. Different radio frequencies can be configured, but the one that is typically and most widely used is 8.2 MHz. The circuit, which acts as both transmitter and receiver of the waves, is very simple and at the same time inexpensive. The systems placed near the shop openings (antennas or anti-theft  barriers) work in pairs, both as source and destination of the signal, so the process is as follows:

TRANSMITTING ANTENNAemits a constant radio signal in the immediate vicinity

The signal is intercepted by a LABELor by a  TAG  that is sufficiently close.

If the label or tag has not been properly disconnected using the appropriate equipment in the checkout counters (aDEACTIVATOR or a DETACHER respectively), it will emit an additional signal The signal is picked up by the RECEIVER ANTENNA: when it happens, the alarm is triggered.

IDISEC’santi-shoplifting systems with acousto-magnetic (AM) technology are very effective because the receiver is able to analyse the incoming signal and assess whether it actually comes from a compatible anti-shoplifting tag or plate in the shop or whether it is a false alarm. The anti-shoplifting system with Radio Frequency (RF) technology offered by IDISEC is therefore a very useful solution for protecting the goods on display from potential theft and is the ideal choice for a wide range of businesses.

Anti-theft Systems (Acousto-Magnetic)

Acousto-Magnetic (AM) technology applied to anti-theft systems is the latest and most innovative one on the market. By using this technique, a physical phenomenon called magnetostriction is set in motion, which affects all the Anti-theft accessories used to protect goods.

Anti-shoplifting systems using acousto-magnetic (AM) technology operate at a frequency of 58 KHz and involve inserting two thin metal plates into accessories such as tags and plates.

In this way, the elements concerned are able to create a pulsed magnetic field.

As the LABEL or Anti-Theft PLATEis placed in a magnetic field, there is a shift in the distribution of electrons in the metal material (following its magnetisation).

As a result, there is a change in the size of the plates inside the accessory, which begin to vibrate, expanding and compressing at a rhythmic frequency, which can be identified as a characteristic signal: this phenomenon is called

With magnetostriction, the label or anti-shoplifting plate then emits a signal that is picked up by the system (specifically, by the RECEIVER).

Anti-theft systems with acousto-magnetic (AM) technology are very effective because the receiver is able to analyse the incoming signal and assess whether it actually comes from a compatible anti-shoplifting tag or plate in the shop or whether it is a false alarm.

Barcode registration enables visibility on Google search for the barcode number affix on the product. On registration, Barcode scanning will return product information from an international database to the readers online. You can registered your Barcode here– https://www.indianbarcode.com/barcode-registration-services

Registered Barcode & Free Barcode - Registered barcode is that which helps prevent theft or accidental misuse of your barcode numbers, as you have extra  proof that they belongs to you. If your barcode is registered on internet database, it can dissuade people from using the barcode number illegally on sites like amazon whereas you may use free barcodes as a part of your non-commercial web application or web-site.

Let’s discuss about the Advantages of barcode registration

Our barcode registration service is completely optional  but however, there are several advantages to registering your barcodes:v  Registration makes your product visible on some cell phone app scanners – Barcode registration helps with some cell phone app scanners (such as the Zebra app) so that when the product barcode is scanned the product information will appear.v   Registration Increase the internet profile of your product – Barcode registration will increase the internet profile of the product so that when the barcode is searched for on Google or another search engine the product information will appear. This makes it easier for retailers and customers to find your company & product information.v  Registration helps prevent theft or accidental misuse of your barcode numbers– as you have extra proof that they belong to you. If a barcode is registered on internet databases, it can dissuade people from using the barcode number illegally on sites like Amazon. If a quick internet search tells the person that the barcode number is in use they will be much less likely to use the barcode.v  Registration helps prove that your barcodes are valid – Registration helps those few reluctant retailers who still think GS1’s database has all the answers, you can point them to this independent database where your barcodes are registered, as proof that they are yours, and are valid. This can save a lot of wasted time and unnecessary frustration with some retailers.It is easy to copy a barcode, anyone can see a barcode number and then duplicate that barcode on a different product. Our registration helps protect you against illegal use of your barcode numbers, and helps retailers and customers find the details of your product and business.

Now the question is How to register your barcode?

You can register your barcode and product or company details on https://www.indianbarcode.com/barcode-registration-services  it will increase the profile of your product on the internet.After you register your barcode and product details, your product details will be displayed when customers search for your barcode number in online search engines (e.g. Google) or on some smart-phone apps (e.g. the Zebra app).            

 Now Let’s talk about How to get a Barcode?

The right procedure needs to be followed for the process of barcode registration. The steps involved in the process include:Ø  Deciding on the type and number. The barcode is of various types and it can be taken in different lot sizes. The process begins with the identification of a requirement by the applicant.Ø  Arrange documents. For barcode application, there are various documents like the balance sheet of the company’s bank account to prove the turnover of the company, etc. that need to be annexed.Ø  Government fee. The Government fee is paid in the form of a demand draft after determining the lot size and the validity period of the barcode to be acquired.Over 2 million companies globally use barcodes, making it the default standard for the retail industry worldwide. Barcodes are a very efficient way to categorize and sell your products. Therefore, it is important to register your barcode. This will allow your barcode to be unique. If you are still wondering about the process of barcoding,  Contact  MINDWARE (Indian Barcode Corporation)  as we provide you with the advantages of barcodes & assistance or guidance for Barcode registration  and any queries related to it or to the business in general .       

                 IS BARCODE REGISTRATION MANDATORY?

Barcode registration is not a government compulsory requirement. A retail barcode will work fine even without registration because stores enter the barcode number and link it to their billing or inventory software on an individual basis.                                         .   

Barcode Registration 

Our (Indian Barcode Corporation) Barcode Packages allows you to register your product or Company details alongside the Barcode number in an online database. If require you can Contact us. Here is Our Contact number - +91 9810822688 you can also send mail to [email protected]  

MINDWARE~ Oldest Company in India..Established in 1997

Address:- S-4, Plot-7, Pocket-7, Pankaj Plaza, Near Metro Station, Dwarka Sec-12, New Delhi, Delhi - 110078

Contact Mindware Today! +91 9810822688/8527522688