learn 한국

책상위의 지저분한 전선들을 깨끗이 정리 할 수 있어요!!! You can neatly arrange messy wires on the desk!!!

READING PRACTICE:

🐾 8 pronunciation groups

1. ㄱ, ㅋ , ㄲ = as K (when the word is not followed by another vowel

ex: 속 [so"k"] inside 부엌 [bu- eo"k"] kitchen 밖 [ba"k"] outside

2. ㄴ = N (always the same)

ex: 눈 [nun] eye, snow 편지 [pyeon- ji] letter

3. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅆ = T (when the word is not followed by another vowel)

ex: 곧 [go"t"] soon 숟가락 [sut-ga-rak] spoon 빗 [bi"t"] comb 꽃 [ggot] flower 빛 [bi"t"] light 끝 [ggeut] end 옷 [ot] clothing 낮 [nat] daytime

4. ㄹ = L (when word ends with ㄹ )

ex: 달 moon 딸기 strawberry 얼굴 face 가을 autumn

if ㄹ is followed by another ㄹ = both of ㄹ is L also

5. ㅁ = M (same always)

ex: 봄 [bom] spring 밤 [bam] night, chestnut 점심 [jeom-sim] lunch 마음 [ma-eum] heart

6. ㅂ, ㅍ = short P at the final syllable

7. ㅇ = -ng

8. ㅎ = silent (when it is end of syllable followed vowel

9. ㅎ + ㄱ = K 놓고 [no- ko] put and ㅎ + ㄷ = T 좋다 [Jo- ta] to be good ㅎ + ㅈ = Ch 좋지 [ jo-chi]

In 앉다 , ㅈ is not pronounced (sounds like 안)

In 읽다, ㄹ is not pronounced (sounds like 익)

In 없, ㅅ is not pronounced (sounds like 업)

🌸🌷🍀

I made this summary about the correct reading of certain words/letters from a book I’ve read before. I hope this would be helpful to you guys and if there are some mistakes, you can just tell me and I’m going to change or edit this one.

화이팅!!! 😄😄😄

♡ verb stems ending in a vowel  : ~ㄹ 때 – 가다 = to go – remove 다 – 가 - 다 = 가 – 가 + ㄹ 때 = 갈 때 = when /subject/ go

♡ verb stems ending in a consonant : ~을 때 – 먹다 = to eat – remove 다 – 먹 - 다 = 먹 – 먹 + 을 때 = 먹을 때 = when /subject/ eat

ㅇ°EXAMPLES°ㅇ

너랑 얘기할 때 행복해요 –> i’m happy when i talk with you 너 - you (+랑 = with) 얘기하다 - to talk with someone 행복해요 (present tense of 행복하다) - to be happy

공부할 때 음악을 들어요 –> i listen to music when i study 공부하다 - to study 음악 - music (+을 - object particle) 들어요 (present tense of 듣다) - to listen

학교에 가지 않을 때 많이 자요 –> when i don’t go to school, i sleep a lot. 학교 - school (+에 - location particle) 가지 않다 - to not go 많이 - a lot 자요 (present tense of 자다) - to sleep

제 좋아하는 책을 읽을 때 초콜릿을 먹어요 –> i eat chocolate when i read my favorite book 제 좋아하는 - my favorite 책 - book (+을 - object particle) 읽다 - to read 초콜릿 - chocolate (+을) 먹어요 (present tense of 먹다) - to eat

Ready for the ultimate challenge? If you’ve been following from the start, then this year’s worth of vocabulary shall prove a mighty challenge for you - see how many words you can remember. Otherwise, if you’re new, here is a very long list of vocabulary to get you started! Good Luck! 

꿈: Dream

여행: Travel

시험: Exam

계획: Plan

찾다: To find

기분: Feelings

쉽다: To be easy

고민: One’s worries

의자: Chair

차: Car

책: Book

탁자: Table

도시: City

건물: Building

잡지: Magazine

나라: Country

가방: Bag

선생님: Teacher

나무: Tree

창문: Window

문: Door

의사: Doctor

『Learn Korean with Kpop』BTS - Spring Day

보고 싶다 이렇게 말하니까 더 보고 싶다 I miss you, when I say that, I miss you more

보고 싶다: I miss you -니까: since, because 이렇게 말하니까: since I saying (like) this 더: more

너희 사진을 보고 있어도 보고 싶다 Although I’m looking at your photo, I still miss you

너희: your 사진: photo, picture 을: object particle 보고 있어 (보고 있다): looking at 도: although, even though

너무 야속한 시간  Time is so cruel

너무: so (negative) 야속한’s dictionary form is 야속하다: cruel, harsh 시간: time

나는 우리가 밉다 I hate us

나: I 는: topic particle 우리: we 가: subject particle 밉다: hate

이제 얼굴 한 번 보는 것 조차 힘들어진 우리가 Now it’s difficult to even see each other(’s face)

이제: now 얼굴: face 한 번: once 보는 것: to see 조차: even 힘들어진’s dictionary form is 힘들어지다: getting tough, hard, difficult 얼굴 한 번 보는 것 조차 힘들어진 우리가: it’s difficult even to see each other’s face once

여긴 온통 겨울 뿐이야  Here is all winter

여긴 is shortened for 여기는: here 온통: all, wholly 겨울: winter 뿐이야’s dictionary form is 뿐이다: only  

8월에도 겨울이 와 Even in August, winter is here

8월: August 에 is time/location particle: in, at 도: even 와’s dictionary form is 오다: come 이: subject particle 겨울이 와 (겨울이 오다): winter is here

마음은 시간을 달려가네  My heart is rushing the time

마음: heart 시간: time 을: object particle 달려가네’s dictionary form is 달려가다: run, dash, rush

홀로 남은 설국열차 Snowpiercer, that’s left alone

설국열차: Snowpiercer 홀로: by oneself, alone 남은’s dictionary form is 남다: remain, left

니 손 잡고 지구 반대편까지 가  I wanna hold your hand and go to the other side of the earth

니 -> 네 -> 너의: your 손: hand 잡고: hold and 지구: earth 반대편: the opposite side, other side 까지: to 가’s dictionary form is 가다: go

이 겨울을 끝내 고파 Want to end this winter

이: this 겨울: winter 을: object particle 끝내’s dictionary form is 끝내다: finish (off), end 고파: want to

그리움들이 얼마나 눈처럼 내려야  How much longing has to fall like snow

그리움들: 들 is the plural marker, 그리움 means longing, yearning 이: subject particle 얼마나: how much 눈: snow 처럼: like, as (if) 내려’s dictionary form is 내리다: fall, come down 야: must, have to

그 봄날이 올까 For that spring days to come? 

그: that 봄날: spring day 이: subject particle 올까: -까 is used to make a sentence into a question.

Friend 허공을 떠도는 작은 먼지처럼  Like a small piece of dust that floats in the air

허공: air 떠도는’s dictionary form is 떠돌다: float, drift 작은’s dictionary form is 작다: small 먼지: dust 처럼: like

작은 먼지처럼 날리는 눈이 나라면  If the flying snow was me

날리는’s dictionary form is 날리다: fly 나: me, I 라면: if

조금 더 빨리 네게 닿을 수 있을 텐데 I could reach you a bit faster

조금 더: a bit more 빨리: fast 네: you 게: to 닿을 수 있을 텐데: 닿다 is to reach. -수 있을 텐데 means could do sth

눈꽃이 떨어져요 Snowflakes are falling

눈꽃: snowflake 이: subject particle 떨어져’s dictionary form is 떨어지다: fall, drop

또 조금씩 멀어져요 Getting further away

또: again 조금씩: a bit 멀어져’s dictionary form is 멀어지다: grow away

보고 싶다 I miss you

보고 싶다 I miss you

얼마나 기다려야  How long do I have to wait?

얼마나: how long (the verb following is ‘to wait’, so you wouldn’t say ‘how much do I have to wait’) 기다려’s dictionary form is 기다리다: wait 야: must, have to

또 몇 밤을 더 새워야 How many more nights do I have to stay up?

또: again 몇: how many 밤: night 을 is the object particle 더: more 새워’s dictionary form is 새우다: stay up all night 야: must, have to

널 보게 될까  Until I can see you?

널 is shortened for 너를: you 보게 될까: can see

만나게 될까 Until I can meet you?

만나’s dictionary form is 만나다: meet -게 되다 means ‘to end up…’, when you attach after a verb, it means events that occurs happens out of one’s control, almost by chance or fate.

추운 겨울 끝을 지나  Past the end of this cold winter

추운’s dictionary form is 춥다: cold 겨울: winter 끝: end 지나’s dictionary form is 지나다: go past

다시 봄날이 올 때까지 Until the spring comes again

다시: again 까지: until 올 때까지: until it comes

꽃 피울 때까지  Until the flowers blooms again

꽃: flower 피울’s dictionary form is 피우다: bloom

그곳에 좀 더 머물러줘  Stay there a little longer

그곳: that place, there 에: location-marking particle 좀 더: a little longer 머물러줘 : (please) stay (for me)

머물러줘 Stay there

니가 변한 건지 Did you change?

니 is 네: you 가: subject particle 변한’s dictionary form is 변하다: change 건지 is shortened from것인지: it makes the sentence an indirect question – linking with the following line, it’s saying “is it you that changed or did I change?”

아니면 내가 변한 건지 Or did I change?

이니면: or 내: I 가: subject particle

이 순간 흐르는 시간조차 미워  I even hate this moment that is elapsing

이: this 순간: moment 흐르는’s dictionary form is 흐르다: passing, elapsing 조차: even 미워’s dictionary form is 밉다: hate

우리가 변한 거지 뭐  I guess we changed

우리: we 가: subject particle 뭐: well, then - used when the situation can’t be changed (what else?, you know, that’s all)

모두가 그런 거지 뭐 I guess that’s how everything is

모두: everything 가: subject particle 그런: that 거지 is shortened from 것이지: -지 is a sentence ending for stating something softly.

그래 밉다 니가  Yeah I hate you

그래: Yeah 밉다: hate 니 is 네: you

넌 떠났지만  Although you left

넌 is shortened from 너는: you 떠났’s dictionary form is 떠나다: leave -지만: but, although

단 하루도 너를 잊은 적이 없었지 난 There hasn’t been a day that I have forgotten (about) you

하루: day 단 하루도: even a day 너: you 를: object particle 잊은’s dictionary form is 잊다: forget 적이 없다: have never 난 is shortened from 나는: I

솔직히 보고 싶은데  Honestly, I miss you

솔직히: honestly 보고 싶은데: I miss you (but)

이만 너를 지울게 But now I’ll erase you

이만: now 너: you 를: object particle 지울게: will erase (dictionary form is 지우다: erase)

그게 널 원망하기보단 덜 아프니까 Because that will hurt less than resenting you

그게: that 널 is shortened from 너를: you 원망하기’s dictionary form is 원망하다: blame, resent 보단 is shortened from 보다는: than 덜: less 아프’s dictionary from is 아프다: hurt -니까: because

시린 널 불어내 본다  I’m trying to blow out the cold you

시린’s dictionary form is 시리다: cold 널 is shortened from 너를: you 불어내’s dictionary form is 불어내다: blow out -본다: trying to

연기처럼 하얀 연기처럼 Like smoke, like white smoke

연기: smoke 처럼: like 하얀: white

말로는 지운다 해도  Even I say that I’m gonna erase you

말로: in word 는: topic particle 도: even

사실 난 아직 널 보내지 못하는데 But actually, I still can’t let you go

사실: actually 난 is shortened from 나는: I 아직: still 널 is shortened from 너를: you 보내’s dictionary form is 보내다: let you go, send away 지 못하다: can’t

눈꽃이 떨어져요  Snowflakes are falling

또 조금씩 멀어져요 Getting further away

보고 싶다  I miss you

보고 싶다 I miss you

얼마나 기다려야  How long do I have to wait?

또 몇 밤을 더 새워야 How many more nights do I have to stay up?

널 보게 될까  Until I can see you? 

만나게 될까 Until I can meet you?

You know it all  You’re my best friend 

아침은 다시 올 거야 The morning will come again

아침: morning 은: topic particle 다시: again 올 거야: will come - dictionary form is 오다 

어떤 어둠도 어떤 계절도 영원할 순 없으니까 Because no darkness, no season can last forever

어둠: darkness 계절: season 영원할’s dictionary form is 영원하다: forever -니까: because

벚꽃이 피나봐요  Cherry blossoms are blooming

벚꽃: cheery blossoms 이: object particle 피나봐요: it seems that it’s blooming

이 겨울도 끝이 나요 This winter is also coming to an end

이: this 겨울: winter 도: even, also 끝이 나요: end

보고 싶다  I miss you

보고 싶다 I miss you

조금만 기다리면  If I wait a little longer

조금만: just a little 기다리다: wait 면: if

며칠 밤만 더 새우면 If I stay up a few more nights

며칠: several days 밤: night 만: only 더: more 새우다: stay up (all night) 면: if

만나러 갈게 I’ll go see you

만나’s dictionary form is 만나다: see, meet -러: to (do something) 갈게: will go – dictionary form is 가다

데리러 갈게  I’ll go pick you up

데리’s dictionary form is 데리다: pick up

추운 겨울 끝을 지나  Past the end of this cold winter

다시 봄날이 올 때까지 Until the spring comes again

꽃 피울 때까지  Until the flowers bloom again

그곳에 좀 더 머물러줘  Stay there a little longer

머물러줘 Stay there

1. Beat 비트

2. Rhythm 리듬/율동

3. Bass 베이스 (for classical music use 최저음)

4. A Capella 아카펠라

5. Accoustic 어쿠스틱

6. Alternative 얼터너티브

7. Blues 불르스

8.  Chamber music 실내악

9. Country 컨트리

10. Cover 커버

11. Classical 고전/  클래식

12. Dance Music 댄스

13. Disco 디스코

14. Early Dance Music (Renaissance to Baroque)무도곡

12. EDM is the same

15. Folk 민속

16. Gospel /영가적교회

17. House Music 하우스

18. Instrumental 기악

19. Jazz 재즈

20. (Heavy) Metal (헤비) 메탈

21. Opera 오페라

22. Rap 랩

23. Pop 팝

24. Punk 펑크

25. Rock 록

26. R&B 리듬 앤드 불르스 

27. Soul 소울

28. Techno 테크노

29.  향가 Old Korean Songs

30. 국악 Korean traditional music

31.  유행가 Popular Song

Drinks in Korean!

깨닫다 : to realize, notice 혼내다 : to scold 저두하다 : to bow low 인정하다 : to concede

  평범하다 : to be ordinary, common 아기자기하다 : to be charming, cute 똑같다 : to be the same, equal 수줍다 : to be shy 까리하다 (slang) : to be dope 성숙하다 : to be mature

  평생 : one’s whole life 광고 : advertisement 요청 : request, demand 기회 : opportunity, chance 진행 : progress 권력 : power, authority

  결국 : finally, eventually 으쓱 : shoulders raised in pride (head held high) 보통/대개 : usually

  병신 : idiot, moron

1. KOREAN INTERNET, TEXTING SLANGS

ㅋㅋ ♡ “kk” sound of giggling/laughing

ㅠㅠ, ㅜㅜ ♡ crying/sad eyes

흑 ♡ sobbing sound

ㅎㅎ (하하) ♡ “haha” sound of laughing

ㅍㅎㅎ ♡ “puhaha” sound of laughing

ㅇㅇ (응) ♡ uh, yeah

ㅇㅋ (오키) ♡ okay

ㄱㅅ (감사) ♡ thank you

ㅊㅋ (축하) ♡ congrats

ㄴㄴ (노노) ♡ no

ㅈㅅ (죄송) ♡ sorry

ㄱㄷ (기다려) ♡ wait

ㄱㄱ (고고) ♡ gogo, let’s go

ㅂㅂ (바이바이) ♡ bye bye /or/ ㅂㅇ (바이) ♡ bye

ㅅㄱ (수고) ♡ good job

ㅇㄷ (어디) ♡ where

 ㅗㅗ ♡ 🖕🏼 lol

ㅎㅇ (하이) ♡ hi

ㅎㄹ ♡ hello

ㄱㅊ (괜찮아) ♡ it’s fine

ㄷㅊ (닥쳐) ♡ shut up

ㅡㅡ ♡ to express displeasure

2. SHORTENED WORDS

낼 (내일) ♡ tomorrow

짐 (지금) ♡ now

담 (다음) ♡ next

첨 (처음) ♡ first

넘 (너무) ♡ very

좀 (조금) ♡ a little

울 (우리) ♡ we

걍 (그냥) ♡ just

어케 (어떻게) ♡ how

글고 (그리고) ♡ and

젤 (제일) ♡ most, best

먄 (미안) ♡ sorry

짱나 (짜증나) ♡ annoying

글쿤 (그렇구나) ♡ i see

열공 (열심히 공부해) ♡ study hard

재밌다 (재미있다) ♡ to be fun, interesting

알써 (알겠어) ♡ i understand, get i

몰겠어 (모르겠어) ♡ i don’t know

올만이네 (오랜만이네) ♡ long time no see

세바시 | 세상을 바꾸는 시간 15분) (youtube, app, website) 

Korean version of TED talks. For years I’ve been jealous of my English-learning friends using TED talks to study, but no longer.

연애의 과학 | Science of Love (website, app) 

“Relationship tips and psychology tests.” Articles introducing research studies on relationships, sex, breakups etc. in very easy-to-read language and with cute illustrations. 

브런치 | Brunch (website, app)

Blog site with the feel of a magazine. Brunch is very publicised and has a high quality of content. 

Daum blogs / Naver blogs

Just… blogs… I don’t actually use these personally but recommend me some blogs if you find anything interesting there. Learning Korean with Humans of Seoul (facebook)

All the underdogs in the world A day may come when we lose But it is not today Today we fight!

No not today 언젠가 꽃은 지겠지 But no not today 그 때가 오늘은 아니지 No no not today 아직은 죽기엔 Too good day No no not today No no no not today

No not today Some day, the flowers will wither But no not today But today’s not the day No no not today It’s too early to die Too good day No no not today No no no not today

언젠가 - some day

꽃 - flower

지다 - lose/be defeated (wither in this context)

그 - the/that

때 - when

오늘 - today

아니다 - not be/not exist

아직 - still

죽다 - die

그래 우리는 extra But still part of this world Extra plus ordinary 그것도 별 거 아녀 오늘은 절대 죽지 말아 빛은 어둠을 뚫고 나가 새 세상 너도 원해 Oh baby yes I want it

Yeah, we are extra But still part of this world Extra plus ordinary That’s not even that special Today we’ll never die The light will pierce through the darkness You want a new world too Oh baby yes I want it

그래 - yes

우리 - we/us/our

그것 - that

별 - special

거 - thing

아니다 - not be/not exist

오늘은 - today

절대 - never

죽다 - die

~지 말다 - added to the end of a word to create a negative command

빛 - light

어둠 - dark/darkness

뚫다 - pierce

새 - new

세상 - world

너 - you

원하다 - want

날아갈 수 없음 뛰어 Today we will survive 뛰어갈 수 없음 걸어 Today we will survive 걸어갈 수 없음 기어 기어서라도 gear up 겨눠 총! 조준! 발사!

If you can’t fly, run Today we will survive If you can’t run, walk Today we will survive If you can’t walk, crawl Even if you have to crawl, gear up Point, aim, shoot!

날아가다 - fly

~ㄹ/을 수 없다 - cannot

뛰어가다 - run

걷다 - walk

기다 - crawl

겨누다 - point/aim

조준 - aim

발사 - shoot

Not not today! Not not today! Hey 뱁새들아 다 hands up Hey 친구들아 다 hands up Hey 나를 믿는다면 hands up 총! 조준! 발사!

Not not today! Not not today! Hey crow-tits, everyone, hands up Hey friends, hands up Hey, if you trust me, hands up Point, aim, shoot!

뱁새 - crow-tit

다 - all/everyone

친구 - friends

나 - I/me

믿다 - believe

조준 - aim

발사 - shoot

Today I’ll give you an overview of noun modifier endings. I’m not sure if this is actually the proper term for it, but it’s what my teacher used back in the day!

Noun modifier endings are  actually applied to action verbs and descriptive verbs to change them into forms that can then be used to modify following nouns. More simply, they turn action or descriptive verbs into what we would in English call relative clauses and adjectives respectively. 

A relative clause is a clause starting with a relative pronoun, such as “that, who, which, etc,” that describes a noun. You can think of it as a long adjective. Let’s check out some examples in English first:

This is the cake that I ate.

In this example, “that I ate” is a relative clause that describes the cake.

The school where I met my friend is over there.

In this example, “where I met my friend” is a relative clause giving more information about the school.

And of course adjectives are simpler:

That pretty girl is my friend.

My brother is a friendly guy.

Now, let’s build some relative clauses and adjectives in Korean!

Action verbs

Present tense: -는 — The present tense noun modifier ending for action verbs is -는. Just slap it onto the root of your verb (keeping in mind any changes with irregular verbs) and you’re good to go!

The cake that that person sells is delicious. -> 그 사람이 파는 케이크는 맛있어요.

팔다 - 다 = 팔 —–> 팔 + 는 = 파는 (ㄹ irregular verb- drop ㄹ before ㄴ)

The books that she reads are fun. -> 그녀가 읽는 책들은 재미있어요.

읽다 - 다 = 읽 —–> 읽 + 는 = 읽는

Past tense: -(으)ㄴ — For verb roots that end with a consonant, add -은. For roots that end with a vowel, just add -ㄴ. Make sure to keep changes for irregular verbs in mind!

The kimbap that I ate was bland. -> 제가 먹은 김밥은 싱거웠어요. 

먹다 - 다 = 먹 —–> 먹 + 은 = 먹은

The movie that we saw was boring. -> 우리가 본 영화는 지루했어요.

보다 - 다 = 보 —–> 보 + ㄴ = 본

Past habitual: -던 — If you want to refer to an action that was done repeatedly or habitually in the past, attach -던 to the verb root.

The school that we attended is gone now. -> 우리가 다니던 학교는 이제 없어요.

다니다 - 다 = 다니 —–> 다니 + 던 = 다니던

My mom sings the songs that grandma used to sing. -> 우리 엄마는 외할머니께서 부르시던 노래를 부르세요.

부르다 - 다 = 부르 —–> 부르 + 던 = 부르던

Future tense: -(으)ㄹ —  Again, depending on if the root ends with a consonant (-을) or vowel (-ㄹ), you use a slightly different form.

The place I will go is far. -> 제가 갈 곳이 멀어요.

가다 - 다 = 가 —–> 가 + ㄹ = 갈

The shoes I will wear tomorrow are new ones. -> 내일 신을 신발은 새 거예요.

신다 - 다 = 신 —–> 신 + 을 = 신을

Descriptive verbs

Present tense: -(으)ㄴ — The present tense noun modifier endings for descriptive verbs look like the past tense noun modifier endings for action verbs. Make sure you use -은 for roots that end with consonants and -ㄴ when the root ends with a vowel.

That tall building is Lotte World Tower. -> 저 높은 건물은 롯데월드타워예요.

높다 - 다 = 높 —–> 높 + 은 = 높은

That singer is a handsome man. -> 저 가수는 잘생긴 남자예요.

잘생기다 - 다 = 잘생기 —–> 잘생기 + ㄴ = 잘생긴

Past tense: -던; -았/었던 — Just as we can use -던 with action verbs to indicate a habitual past action, we can use it with descriptive verbs to indicate that a state was continuous in the past. Using just -던 on its own gives a feeling of looking back on or reminiscing about something that may still be continuing to the present time. On the other hand, -았/었던 carries a feeling of “was X in the past, but is no longer.”

The girl who was pretty when she was young became a beautiful woman. ->어릴 때 예뻤던 소녀는 아름다운 여자가 됐어요.

예쁘다 - 다 = 예쁘 —–> 예쁘 + 던 = 예뻤던

Mingyu, who was very diligent, still works hard. -> 부지런하던 민규 씨는 지금도 일을 열심히 해요. 

부지런하다 - 다 = 부지런하 —–> 부지런하 + 던 = 부지런하던

Future tense: -(으)ㄹ — The future tense noun modifier endings for descriptive verbs are the same as for action verbs. As always, make sure that you make any needed changes for irregular verbs. Also, please note that [descriptive verb + -(으)ㄹ NOUN] is not a very commonly used structure unless it’s followed by the noun 것 (thing). However, that starts getting into full future tense, which isn’t the point of this post.

I am looking for a gift that will be good to give to my friend. -> 친구에게 주기에 좋을 선물을 찾고 있어요.

좋다 - 다 = 좋 —–> 좋 + 을 = 좋을

Nouns

Nouns on their own can’t take noun modifier endings, but the endings can be attached to 이다 (to be). My notations of the forms the noun modifier endings take will include 이다 and be written as single units, but just be aware that they are actually 이다 plus the actual noun modifier ending.

Present tense: -인 — It’s the same regardless of whether the noun ends with a consonant or a vowel!

My friend, who is a teacher, is very smart. -> 선생님인 제 친구가 정말 똑똑해요.

That lady, who is an actress, often appears in dramas. -> 배우인 그녀는 드라마에 자주 나와요.

Past tense: -이었/였던 — -던 makes another appearance! This time it appears with 이다 conjugated to the past tense. Add -이었던 if the noun ends with a consonant and -였던 if it ends with a vowel.

Jimin, who was a model student, of course ended up attending a good university. -> 모범생이었던 지민이는 역시 좋은 대학교에 가게 됐어요.

Seungjin, who was Jimin’s friend, doesn’t contact him anymore. -> 지민 씨의 친구였던 승진 씨는 더 이상 지민 씨랑 연락을 안 해요.

Future tense: It’s sort of weird to use the future noun modifier ending -(으)ㄹ directly on 이다. Rather, you would use [NOUN이/가 될…]. This way, you are using the action verb 되다 to say that something or someone will be come something else. 

The man who will become Somin’s husband is very good-looking. -> 소민 씨의 남편이 될 남자는 정말 잘생겼어요.

Chanhyeong, who will become a doctor, has studied hard since he was young. -> 의사가 될 찬형이는 어릴 때부터 공부를 열심히 해왔어요.

보다 (더) – more than

emphasis (very, a lot, a bit, etc.)

받침 pronunciation rules

Korean sentence structure (SOV)

present tense forms

future tense forms

imperative form

past tense forms

past tense of 이다

이다 vs. 있다

위해(서) – in order to

~(으)려고/~(으)러 – in order to

워해(서) vs. (으)러

~지 말다 – to not do

말고/아니고 – instead of

age

~을 때 – when

~지만/~는데 – however

~ㄴ/은/는데 – giving context

좋겠다 – it’d be nice if

제일/가장 – best/most

~ㄴ지 – since

~에 대해(서) – about

~아/어 드리다 – to do for

때문에 – because of

~(으)니까 – because

~거든요 – because

같은 vs. 처럼

것 같다 – seems like/I think

~(으)ㄴ가 보다 – seems like

~잖다 – you know

가져가다 vs. 가져오다 – take with/bring with

알다/모르다 – to know (how to)

편이다 – rather/sort of

만큼 – as much as

일단/만약/처음 – once/first

particles

~(으)로 – with/by means of

은/는 vs. 이/가

more examples of 은/는, 이/가, and 을/를

~(이)나 – good enough

수학 – basic math

~에 따라서 – according to

~자니(까)/~(으)려고 하니(까) – intended to, but

any / every / some / none

안 vs. ~지 않다 – negatives

처음/다음/지난/마지막 – first, next, last

좋다 vs. 좋아하다

~네요 – new info; mild surprise

~나 – older men asking questions

~대요 – conveying what you’ve heard

~네 vs. ~군요

존댓말 vs. 반말

~야 되다/~면 되다 – have to/should do, allowed to, shouldn’t do

~(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 – can do, can’t do

~(으)ㅁ – adj/verbs into nouns

~던 vs. ~는

~(으)ㄹ수록 – the more __, the more

~(으)ㄴ 적이 있다 – have done/experienced

~아/어 버리다 – been done

conjugating and using colors

A master list of grammar posts on my blog. These are in Korean alphabetical order and are mostly intermediate level. 

ㄱ

~거나 .. ~거나

~거든

~게

~겠군요

~고

~고 나다

~고말고요

~고 말다

~고 해서

~고는

~ 고도

~고요

~고서

~고자 하다

~곤 하다

~기는요

~기는 하다

~기란

~기로 약속하다 / 결심하다

~기만 하다

ㄴ

~는 김에

~는 대신에

~는 모양이다 

~는 물론이다

~는 바람에

~는 사이(에)

~는다고 보다

~는다고 하던데 

~는다고 해서

~는다는 것이

~는다니까 

~는다면

~는다면서요?

~는답니다 

~는데도 

ㄷ

~다니

~다니(요)?

~단 말이에요.

~더라

N + 더러

~던데

~도록 하다

~도 (말고) .. ~도 말고

~듯이

ㅁ

N + 만 못하다

N + 만하다

ㅇ

~어/아 놓다 

~어/아/여 버리다

~어/아/여다가 

~어/아야

~어/아야 겠다

~어/아/여야지요

~어/아/여지 

어찌나 ~은/는지

~었/았더니

~었/았던 것 같다

~었/았/였을 텐데 

~에 따르면

~에 비해서

~(으)려던 참이다

~(으)면 되다

~(으)면서도

N을/를 대상으로

~(으)ㄹ 만하다

~(으)ㄹ 뻔하다

~(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라

~(으)ㄹ 뿐이다

~(으)ㄹ 텐데(요) 

~(으)ㄹ걸요

~(으)ㄹ까 하다 

~(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 

N+(이)라도

N+(이)라든가

 N+(이)야말로

ㅈ

자고?

~지

~지 그래요?

~지요

ㅊ

~처럼

Etc. 

~제일/일등/첫째 가다

문법 | Grammar

Shall/Should we do _____?: verb stem + ~을까요/ㄹ까요?      *Only serves as a question!

Rules;

If the verb stem is a consonant (excluding ㄹ), used ~을까요.

If the verb stem is a vowel, used ~ㄹ 까요.

[Exception] If the verb stem is ㄹ, used ~까요.

Examples:

먹을까요? // Shall/Should we eat?

집에 갈까요? // Shall we go home?

음식을 만들까요? // Should we cook food?