gene|fish

Food Chem. 2022 Jan 15;379:132160. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam cooking on the proteolysis of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) using the simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion model and a NCM460 cell monolayer. Steam cooking changed the peptide profile of the digests of oysters considerably and induced more thorough hydrolysis. However, the heat-stable allergen, Cra g 1, still had remnant fragments in the intestinal phase, which could be allergenic epitopes. Two regions of Cra g 1 (residues 224-228 and 245-248) were digestion-tolerant. Furthermore, more oligopeptides were derived from raw proteins than from steamed proteins. After molecular docking and in vitro determination, six novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were finally identified in the hydrolysates (WIS, WLS, LSL, SGPF, LGPI, and IGLP). Among them, LSL exhibited the highest ACEi activity (IC50 = 107.17 nM). Our findings provide supportive information on the effective utilization of oyster proteins.

PMID:35063855 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160

Gene. 2022 Jan 18:146226. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.

PMID:35063572 | DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226

Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2022 Jan 18. doi: 10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal incompatibility and gene expression changes would affect the development of polyploid gonad and gamete formation. The role of epigenetics like DNA methylation in reproductive development is fully demonstrated in diploid animals. The lack of polyploid species and the infertility of polyploid animals, especially the odd ploidy, limit the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism of polyploid reproduction. Fertile and infertile individuals exist in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which provide an interesting model for studies on the effect of epigenetic regulation on gonadal development. The whole genome single base resolution DNA methylomes in gonads of triploid females α (F-3nα), triploid females β (F-3nβ), triploid males α (M-3nα), triploid hermaphrodite predominantly males (HPM-3n), diploid females (F-2n), and diploid males (M-2n) were generated by using bisulfite-sequencing. The overall DNA methylation profiles in gene regions and transposable regions of fertile and infertile triploid oysters were consistent with those of diploid oysters. The DNA methylation level of CG context decreased in infertile triploid oysters, with more hypomethylated than hypermethylated regions, and the opposite is true in fertile triploid oysters. Genes harbored with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in infertile triploids were mainly related to the metabolism pathways and the signal pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of gene transcriptions was generally positively associated with DNA methylation in gene body regions, and DMRs in infertile triploid oysters played significant roles in gonadal development as a possible critical epigenetic regulator of gonadal development gene transcriptional activity. These findings indicate a potential relationship between DNA methylation variability and gene expression plasticity in newly formed polyploidy. As far as we know, this is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulation of gonadal development in invertebrates based on fertile and infertile models, meanwhile providing a new mentality to explore the regulatory mechanisms of infertility in triploids.

PMID:35041105 | DOI:10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y

Food Chem. 2022 Jan 15;379:132160. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam cooking on the proteolysis of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) using the simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion model and a NCM460 cell monolayer. Steam cooking changed the peptide profile of the digests of oysters considerably and induced more thorough hydrolysis. However, the heat-stable allergen, Cra g 1, still had remnant fragments in the intestinal phase, which could be allergenic epitopes. Two regions of Cra g 1 (residues 224-228 and 245-248) were digestion-tolerant. Furthermore, more oligopeptides were derived from raw proteins than from steamed proteins. After molecular docking and in vitro determination, six novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were finally identified in the hydrolysates (WIS, WLS, LSL, SGPF, LGPI, and IGLP). Among them, LSL exhibited the highest ACEi activity (IC50 = 107.17 nM). Our findings provide supportive information on the effective utilization of oyster proteins.

PMID:35063855 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160

Gene. 2022 Jan 18:146226. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.

PMID:35063572 | DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226

Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2022 Jan 18. doi: 10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal incompatibility and gene expression changes would affect the development of polyploid gonad and gamete formation. The role of epigenetics like DNA methylation in reproductive development is fully demonstrated in diploid animals. The lack of polyploid species and the infertility of polyploid animals, especially the odd ploidy, limit the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism of polyploid reproduction. Fertile and infertile individuals exist in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which provide an interesting model for studies on the effect of epigenetic regulation on gonadal development. The whole genome single base resolution DNA methylomes in gonads of triploid females α (F-3nα), triploid females β (F-3nβ), triploid males α (M-3nα), triploid hermaphrodite predominantly males (HPM-3n), diploid females (F-2n), and diploid males (M-2n) were generated by using bisulfite-sequencing. The overall DNA methylation profiles in gene regions and transposable regions of fertile and infertile triploid oysters were consistent with those of diploid oysters. The DNA methylation level of CG context decreased in infertile triploid oysters, with more hypomethylated than hypermethylated regions, and the opposite is true in fertile triploid oysters. Genes harbored with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in infertile triploids were mainly related to the metabolism pathways and the signal pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of gene transcriptions was generally positively associated with DNA methylation in gene body regions, and DMRs in infertile triploid oysters played significant roles in gonadal development as a possible critical epigenetic regulator of gonadal development gene transcriptional activity. These findings indicate a potential relationship between DNA methylation variability and gene expression plasticity in newly formed polyploidy. As far as we know, this is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulation of gonadal development in invertebrates based on fertile and infertile models, meanwhile providing a new mentality to explore the regulatory mechanisms of infertility in triploids.

PMID:35041105 | DOI:10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y

Food Chem. 2022 Jan 15;379:132160. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam cooking on the proteolysis of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) using the simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion model and a NCM460 cell monolayer. Steam cooking changed the peptide profile of the digests of oysters considerably and induced more thorough hydrolysis. However, the heat-stable allergen, Cra g 1, still had remnant fragments in the intestinal phase, which could be allergenic epitopes. Two regions of Cra g 1 (residues 224-228 and 245-248) were digestion-tolerant. Furthermore, more oligopeptides were derived from raw proteins than from steamed proteins. After molecular docking and in vitro determination, six novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were finally identified in the hydrolysates (WIS, WLS, LSL, SGPF, LGPI, and IGLP). Among them, LSL exhibited the highest ACEi activity (IC50 = 107.17 nM). Our findings provide supportive information on the effective utilization of oyster proteins.

PMID:35063855 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160

Gene. 2022 Jan 18:146226. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.

PMID:35063572 | DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226

Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2022 Jan 18. doi: 10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal incompatibility and gene expression changes would affect the development of polyploid gonad and gamete formation. The role of epigenetics like DNA methylation in reproductive development is fully demonstrated in diploid animals. The lack of polyploid species and the infertility of polyploid animals, especially the odd ploidy, limit the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism of polyploid reproduction. Fertile and infertile individuals exist in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which provide an interesting model for studies on the effect of epigenetic regulation on gonadal development. The whole genome single base resolution DNA methylomes in gonads of triploid females α (F-3nα), triploid females β (F-3nβ), triploid males α (M-3nα), triploid hermaphrodite predominantly males (HPM-3n), diploid females (F-2n), and diploid males (M-2n) were generated by using bisulfite-sequencing. The overall DNA methylation profiles in gene regions and transposable regions of fertile and infertile triploid oysters were consistent with those of diploid oysters. The DNA methylation level of CG context decreased in infertile triploid oysters, with more hypomethylated than hypermethylated regions, and the opposite is true in fertile triploid oysters. Genes harbored with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in infertile triploids were mainly related to the metabolism pathways and the signal pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of gene transcriptions was generally positively associated with DNA methylation in gene body regions, and DMRs in infertile triploid oysters played significant roles in gonadal development as a possible critical epigenetic regulator of gonadal development gene transcriptional activity. These findings indicate a potential relationship between DNA methylation variability and gene expression plasticity in newly formed polyploidy. As far as we know, this is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulation of gonadal development in invertebrates based on fertile and infertile models, meanwhile providing a new mentality to explore the regulatory mechanisms of infertility in triploids.

PMID:35041105 | DOI:10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y

Food Chem. 2022 Jan 15;379:132160. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam cooking on the proteolysis of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) using the simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion model and a NCM460 cell monolayer. Steam cooking changed the peptide profile of the digests of oysters considerably and induced more thorough hydrolysis. However, the heat-stable allergen, Cra g 1, still had remnant fragments in the intestinal phase, which could be allergenic epitopes. Two regions of Cra g 1 (residues 224-228 and 245-248) were digestion-tolerant. Furthermore, more oligopeptides were derived from raw proteins than from steamed proteins. After molecular docking and in vitro determination, six novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were finally identified in the hydrolysates (WIS, WLS, LSL, SGPF, LGPI, and IGLP). Among them, LSL exhibited the highest ACEi activity (IC50 = 107.17 nM). Our findings provide supportive information on the effective utilization of oyster proteins.

PMID:35063855 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160

Gene. 2022 Jan 18:146226. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.

PMID:35063572 | DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226

Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2022 Jan 18. doi: 10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal incompatibility and gene expression changes would affect the development of polyploid gonad and gamete formation. The role of epigenetics like DNA methylation in reproductive development is fully demonstrated in diploid animals. The lack of polyploid species and the infertility of polyploid animals, especially the odd ploidy, limit the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism of polyploid reproduction. Fertile and infertile individuals exist in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which provide an interesting model for studies on the effect of epigenetic regulation on gonadal development. The whole genome single base resolution DNA methylomes in gonads of triploid females α (F-3nα), triploid females β (F-3nβ), triploid males α (M-3nα), triploid hermaphrodite predominantly males (HPM-3n), diploid females (F-2n), and diploid males (M-2n) were generated by using bisulfite-sequencing. The overall DNA methylation profiles in gene regions and transposable regions of fertile and infertile triploid oysters were consistent with those of diploid oysters. The DNA methylation level of CG context decreased in infertile triploid oysters, with more hypomethylated than hypermethylated regions, and the opposite is true in fertile triploid oysters. Genes harbored with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in infertile triploids were mainly related to the metabolism pathways and the signal pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of gene transcriptions was generally positively associated with DNA methylation in gene body regions, and DMRs in infertile triploid oysters played significant roles in gonadal development as a possible critical epigenetic regulator of gonadal development gene transcriptional activity. These findings indicate a potential relationship between DNA methylation variability and gene expression plasticity in newly formed polyploidy. As far as we know, this is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulation of gonadal development in invertebrates based on fertile and infertile models, meanwhile providing a new mentality to explore the regulatory mechanisms of infertility in triploids.

PMID:35041105 | DOI:10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y

Food Chem. 2022 Jan 15;379:132160. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam cooking on the proteolysis of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) using the simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion model and a NCM460 cell monolayer. Steam cooking changed the peptide profile of the digests of oysters considerably and induced more thorough hydrolysis. However, the heat-stable allergen, Cra g 1, still had remnant fragments in the intestinal phase, which could be allergenic epitopes. Two regions of Cra g 1 (residues 224-228 and 245-248) were digestion-tolerant. Furthermore, more oligopeptides were derived from raw proteins than from steamed proteins. After molecular docking and in vitro determination, six novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were finally identified in the hydrolysates (WIS, WLS, LSL, SGPF, LGPI, and IGLP). Among them, LSL exhibited the highest ACEi activity (IC50 = 107.17 nM). Our findings provide supportive information on the effective utilization of oyster proteins.

PMID:35063855 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160

Gene. 2022 Jan 18:146226. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.

PMID:35063572 | DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226

Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2022 Jan 18. doi: 10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal incompatibility and gene expression changes would affect the development of polyploid gonad and gamete formation. The role of epigenetics like DNA methylation in reproductive development is fully demonstrated in diploid animals. The lack of polyploid species and the infertility of polyploid animals, especially the odd ploidy, limit the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism of polyploid reproduction. Fertile and infertile individuals exist in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which provide an interesting model for studies on the effect of epigenetic regulation on gonadal development. The whole genome single base resolution DNA methylomes in gonads of triploid females α (F-3nα), triploid females β (F-3nβ), triploid males α (M-3nα), triploid hermaphrodite predominantly males (HPM-3n), diploid females (F-2n), and diploid males (M-2n) were generated by using bisulfite-sequencing. The overall DNA methylation profiles in gene regions and transposable regions of fertile and infertile triploid oysters were consistent with those of diploid oysters. The DNA methylation level of CG context decreased in infertile triploid oysters, with more hypomethylated than hypermethylated regions, and the opposite is true in fertile triploid oysters. Genes harbored with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in infertile triploids were mainly related to the metabolism pathways and the signal pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of gene transcriptions was generally positively associated with DNA methylation in gene body regions, and DMRs in infertile triploid oysters played significant roles in gonadal development as a possible critical epigenetic regulator of gonadal development gene transcriptional activity. These findings indicate a potential relationship between DNA methylation variability and gene expression plasticity in newly formed polyploidy. As far as we know, this is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulation of gonadal development in invertebrates based on fertile and infertile models, meanwhile providing a new mentality to explore the regulatory mechanisms of infertility in triploids.

PMID:35041105 | DOI:10.1007/s10126-021-10083-y

Food Chem. 2022 Jan 15;379:132160. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam cooking on the proteolysis of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) using the simulated oral-gastrointestinal digestion model and a NCM460 cell monolayer. Steam cooking changed the peptide profile of the digests of oysters considerably and induced more thorough hydrolysis. However, the heat-stable allergen, Cra g 1, still had remnant fragments in the intestinal phase, which could be allergenic epitopes. Two regions of Cra g 1 (residues 224-228 and 245-248) were digestion-tolerant. Furthermore, more oligopeptides were derived from raw proteins than from steamed proteins. After molecular docking and in vitro determination, six novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were finally identified in the hydrolysates (WIS, WLS, LSL, SGPF, LGPI, and IGLP). Among them, LSL exhibited the highest ACEi activity (IC50 = 107.17 nM). Our findings provide supportive information on the effective utilization of oyster proteins.

PMID:35063855 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132160

Gene. 2022 Jan 18:146226. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.

PMID:35063572 | DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226