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Patent litigation support and Investigations in Rule 11 / 337:

1. An Updated Primer on Procedures and Rules.

2. Frequently Asked Questions.

3. Responding to a Complaint and notice

4. Reasonable Prefiling

5. At the International Trade Commission

6. The Test for Rule 11

7. Annual Report

8. To prove a violation of Section 337

9. The complaining party must establish

Our team develop claim construction charts including intrinsic and extrinsic evidence(s). And also prepare intrusion charts which involve mapping of the claimed elements with the product features from available certification in the public domain as well as code analysis/physical testing.

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The Buzz word – Augmented Reality

Augmented Reality (AR) is the process of overlaying computer-generated information above real-world view, thereby creating a delusion to the users. AR applications are based on location and image recognition. They use device’s camera and GPS to recognize captured images and location pointers. In doing so, it provides users with relevant digital information projected on top of the real –world view.

AR’s Origin and Fate

The technology has witnessed progressive innovations since the date, the term “Augmented Reality” was first coined in 1990s or even dating back to 1960s when head-mounted displays came into existence. Falling in line, how can we forget Hollywood movie “The Terminator” giving a glimpse of AR in early 90’s. With the growth of mobile technology in 2000s, the first handheld AR system was introduced by Wagner and Schmalstieg and later a multiplayer handheld AR game, the Invisible Train was showcased as a game changer. Later in 2000’s an Android mobile application named Wikitude AR Travel Guide gave an upthrust to the technology market. Since then there has been no stopping to the ever increasing growth of AR applications, which has lead us to where we are today.

Augmented Reality finds its applications in our lives today across fields, like gaming, advertising, tourism, and many more. Most known of all, Google glass and heads-up displays have found its applicability in medical, automobiles, marketing etc. Whether it’s an instructor helping its students to understand human body, or taking a driving test or even playing a racing game, AR lets us glide through its world of illusions.

Numerous mobile applications available in App stores allow integration of digital data above smartphone’s camera in order to interact with the real world. And who would not agree that Pokémon Go was the first ever user experience in the world of AR at the behest of the smartphones.

Work by Tech Giants in AR

Apple recently declared a new augmented reality development platform, named as ARKit, for developers to develop more dominant AR based apps on iOS platform. The new AR platform is expected with the launch of iOS 11 in the forthcoming iPhone 8, an AR enabled smartphone. It is believed that ARKit would help expansion of prevailing AR apps and enable object scaling at a tremendous rate. Apple claims that the new platform would minimize resource drain as it would  utilize a minimal    of     device’s resources.

Like other Tech giants, Apple also has been working in the field of AR since long. Apple is speculated to be working on smart glasses in conjunction with iPhone, and also looking at integrating its AR platform with their ongoing Automobile projects.

In the recent past, Facebook created a buzz in the market with its first VR headsets “Oculus Rift”, giving gamers a whole new experience. Facebook is back again with its Camera Effects platform, which will allow users to overlay digital images on top of photos and videos in Facebook.

Moreover as per the Facebook developers, the Camera Effects Platform turns smartphone cameras into the first AR platform, providing an opportunity for artists and developers to create effects for the Facebook camera. Included with this new platform are two creative tools, Frame Studio and AR Studio that give the Facebook community the power to create a full spectrum of camera effects, from simple frames to interactive augmented reality (AR) experiences. This platform empowers artists and developers to connect art with data to bring AR into everyday life through the Facebook camera.

Facebook is also believed to be working on similar lines in the field of AR. News about Facebook’s AR glasses are already taking rounds in the market. CEO Mark Zuckerberg is yet to unfold on what the social network has planned for the next year and beyond.

Likewise, Microsoft is heading fast in AR with its HoloLens, a holographic augmented reality headset. The prototype is believed to offer an 80-degree horizontal view field, and enabling the wearer to realize high resolution colored holograms, practically unreal. The surroundings are mapped using the internal sensors, thereby making the external positioning devices completely redundant. Furthermore, the device notes the wearer’s field-of-view and understands input commands in the form of hand gestures.

Microsoft, a company known for its distinctive style, is heading fast towards providing a single platform supporting both AR and VR capabilities.

Google’s Google glass is conceivably the most recognized Augmented Reality product known to the world. It became famous as a wearable computer in the form of eyeglasses, enabling users to access the features of a smartphone through voice commands.

Thereon, Google stepped forward into incorporating AR onto mobile devices, thereby eliminating the need for a secondary headset, by launching project Tango. Google’s Tango is an augmented reality mobile platform that uses multiple cameras and sensors to understand device’s location. Application developers can exploit this platform to develop unique user experiences such as high precision interior mapping, complex game play, enhanced shopping experience, etc.

Subsequently, Lenovo joined hands with Google to launch its first AR-enabled smartphone, the Lenovo Phab2 Pro. The mobile cases specialized sensors and cameras for assisting the project Tango. Also, Asus recently launched its Tango based smartphone, ZenFone AR. The sensors equipped with the smartphone allow motion tracking, depth definition, and area measurements. The infrared projector of the device’s camera allows distance-object measurements through depth sensing.

Google is all set to take a big leap in AR industry with its newly unveiled Google Lens. With the capability to identify featured locations and buildings appearing in the mobile’s camera, it will certainly be a game changer.

Other dominant players like Samsung and Amazon are also trying to keep the pace with the leading firms in AR and related domains. As Samsung has recently filed a patent on AR contact lenses, which can project images straight into the users' eyes. Furthermore, Innovega showcased augmented reality contact lenses named iOptik, which projects a heads-up display onto contact lenses.

Market Insight

As per market reports, Augmented Reality market is expected to be valued at USD 5.83 Billion in 2017 and is likely to reach USD 47.8 Billion by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 54.7% during the forecast period.

Further hardware devices in the augmented reality market are predicted to grow at a CAGR of 88.6% from 2017 to 2022 due to the developments in displays, processors, and sensors. On software side, market would observe sizable growth due to the increasing dependence on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets presenting rich media and enhanced experience through mobile AR apps.

As per Digi-Capital report quoted by Venture Beat, an investment of $1.5 billion is tracked in the last 12 months to Q1 2017.

Companies have been investing heavily not only in the R&D labs on AR but also shedding loads on M&A deals as well. News reveals that Facebook has become the largest investor in AR after buying Oculus for $2 billion. Apple too has been on a shopping spree lately for developing their AR capabilities. Some recent Apple’s acquisition list includes SensoMotoric Instruments, RealFace, PrimeSense, Metaio, Faceshift, Emotient, and FlybyMedia, as revealed by multiple media sources. Microsoft is not far behind in AR battle, sources reveal recent acquisition of Swedish 3D gaming firm, Simplygon. Further, it is heard that Microsoft has bought patents from Osterhout Design Group related to AR. We have also seen Google’s investment in Magic Leap, acquisition of Skillman & Hacket and Thrive Audio in the similar field of work.

Thinking beyond - IoT + AR

The roadmap of Augmented Reality goes beyond infinity. What if the world of IoT (Internet of Things) walks in-hand with AR, Is there an end? If IoT assists generating information from collected data and AR enables using generated information for better interaction with the real-world. This integration would create endless opportunities such as smart manufacturing, enhanced customer experience, industrial design and support.

As stated in Forbes India, Caterpillar effectively leverages AR to really ‘augment’ its field service engineers and make them much more effective. The engineers can use an AR glass or a smartphone to get virtual step-by-step live instructions on how to perform machine repair and other maintenance tasks effectively. At the same time, the IoT can make the machines smarter, embedding sensors and intelligence that can monitor and generate data so that meaningful action can be taken on time in order to prevent any downtime. So IoT, coupled with AR has the potential to significantly enhance the overall aftersales manufacturing customer experience.

Conclusion

Intro to article

Effectual observes a fast growing trend in a niche area of biomedical research and innovation – the surging technology called 3D bioprinting.

 Introduction to 3D printing tech

3D printing, the mother discipline that encompasses 3D bioprinting, is a computer controlled process for forming 3D objects. As opposed to traditional machining processes for manufacturing of objects – which involve forming the desired object by removal of excess material from the material block taken initially – 3D printing technology involves adding thin layers of material in computer‐ controlled cycles to create the object. This is why the industrial version of the 3D printing process is often called Additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is used to manufacture some niche items in the market ranging from prosthetics to airplane engine parts.

 Pioneers introduction

Although 3D printing is making a buzz in several areas of research and innovation, it wasn’t until the early 1980s that Charles Hull – known to his friends as Chuck ‐ first pioneered into the field. Working with UV lamps, Hull’s role at the firm he was employed with involved hardening an acrylic veneer onto tables or tiles using UV light. It was at this time that the 43 year old came up with an idea: to create a machine that could print out objects one could hold in one’s hand. Although initially dismissal, his boss reluctantly reached a compromise – Hull would dedicate himself to the firm during the day, and work on his idea during the night.

Hull started out with writing codes to direct a machine to cut layers of plastic into simple shapes. The coding was not easy. Once this was done, however, he used the UV lamp to etch layers of acrylic into any shape he liked, and then he stack the layers to form a final 3D product. Hull called the technology ‘stereolithography’ – a portmanteau of the Greek words "stereon" (solid), "lithos" (stone) and "graphy" (writing).

Hull’s first printer was an assorted collection of ill‐fitted parts put together. In 1986, Hull co‐founded 3D systems, and further modified the 3D printer. 3D systems recently signed a multi‐year collaboration agreement with United Therapeutics to create organ scaffolds for human transplants. In February 2017, Chuck Hull became the 98th recipient of the prestigious Washington Award.

Introduction to Bio‐printing

Recent technological developments have allowed 3D printing to make progress in the realm of biology. Biocompatible materials, such as, cells and supporting components are formed into 3D functional living tissues using the technology aptly named 3D bioprinting. 3D bioprinting has been used to create and transplant several tissues, such as skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures.

The challenges and benefits of 3D Bioprinting are as following:

3D Bioprinting Process Details

The process of 3D bioprinting starts with creating a voxel‐by‐voxel computer model of the tissue or organ to be built. Simultaneously, bioink is produced from a living cell culture. Optionally hydrogel or collagen can also be used in making the bioink composition. Once formed, the bioink is loaded into the cartridges of the bioprinter and the print‐heads driven by the computer program deposit patterned cell aggregates in precise layers. The spheroids of deposits fuse together without any external interference to form the desired 3D tissue.

The newly formed 3D tissue is removed from the printer and placed in an incubator, where it is left to mature and grow. Accelerated tissue maturation can be influenced by necessary chemical and mechanical conditioning of the tissue, and once matured the tissue is ready to be transplanted.

3D Bioprinting Market Assessment

In 2015 alone, over 90,000 patients in the United States waited for organs that were yet to be created. Bioprinting is especially useful in regenerative medicine to combat the growing demand for organs suitable for transplantation.

Source:US Department of Health and Human Services

In spite of recent advances in research, the field of bioprinting is still fraught with challenges.Several players have entered the market looking for a breakthrough.

Organovo, a firm founded in 2007 in California is at the forefront of innovation trying to combat some of these challenges. Earlier this year, Keith Murphy, CEO of Organovo, said, “Our 3D bioprinted human tissues are a disruptive and game‐changing technology.” He went on to add, “I am a true believer in our existing tissue research services, the potential of our therapeutic liver tissue, and the future opportunities enabled by our platform technology.

The need of the hour, however, is an integration of technologies from diverse disciplines such as materials sciences, cell biology and physics, computer sciences. Several Universities across the globe are partnering with top companies and research laboratories in the race for innovation and patent rights.

Image: Top Universities based on Patent Filings

IP experts at Effectual have identified the percentage of filings in several areas of bioprinting to draw patterns in Patent and innovation. The patent filling in this domain started from 2004. A sudden surge in filling is observed since 2013. Over 32 percent of the filings focus on the 3D bioprinter, whereas around percent of the filings focus on bioink.

Image: Patent Focus Distribution       Image: Application Area Distribution

The areas of application of bioprinting are slowly expanding. Skin tissue and Blood vessel are the leading application areas based on the IP study conducted by analysts at Effectual, and bone and renal tissue is gathering pace as well.

Conclusion