Dr. Ganesh Visavale

Introduction Land is not merely an economic asset in India—it is deeply connected with social justice, livelihood, and constitutional values. Recognising this, Indian land laws place strict restrictions on the transfer of certain categories of land, especially tribal lands and protected occupancies. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC), along with allied laws, aims to prevent…

Introduction Land law in Maharashtra does not merely concern ownership; it revolves around how land is held, used, and regulated. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC) introduces a structured classification of land holdings and occupancies, which determines the rights, liabilities, and restrictions attached to land. Understanding these classifications is essential for law students,…

Introduction One of the most misunderstood aspects of land law in India is the concept of State ownership of land. Many citizens assume that land shown in government records automatically belongs to the government, while others believe long possession converts government land into private ownership. Both assumptions are legally flawed. Under the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC), the…

Why confidence becomes law, and intention becomes obligation Introduction Trust is one of the oldest ideas known to human society. Long before statutes and courts existed, people entrusted property to others based on confidence, morality, and relationships. But as societies became complex, mere moral confidence was no longer enough. Disputes arose, misuse became common, and beneficiaries needed…

Introduction Revenue administration is the backbone of land governance in Maharashtra. While courts decide ownership disputes, it is the revenue machinery that controls land on a day-to-day basis—maintaining records, collecting land revenue, granting permissions, removing encroachments, and enforcing government authority over land. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC) establishes a…

Introduction In land laws, definitions are not mere vocabulary—they decide rights, liabilities, ownership claims, and even the outcome of litigation. Under the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC), certain foundational terms such as Land, Occupant, Holding, and Land Revenue form the backbone of the entire statute. For law students, misunderstanding these definitions can lead to conceptual…

Introduction In the heart of every Indian state lies a foundational legal “rulebook” that dictates how its soil is managed, taxed, and recorded. In Maharashtra, that rulebook is the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC). Whether you are a farmer checking your 7/12 extract, a builder seeking Non-Agricultural (NA) permission, or a law student deciphering property rights, the MLRC is the…

Introduction Capital punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, is one of the most debated topics in criminology and criminal law. It raises serious questions about justice, human rights, deterrence, and morality. For law students studying Criminology, the issue of death penalty is crucial because it sits at the intersection of law, punishment theory, psychology, and constitutional…

Introduction Punishment is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal law and criminology. Every time a court sentences an offender, an important question arises — why are we punishing this person? Is it to scare others, to reform the offender, or simply to take revenge on behalf of society? For law students studying Criminology, understanding the objectives of punishment is essential.…

Introduction Once a patent application is published and a request for examination is filed, the process enters a critical phase – Examination. This stage ensures that only those inventions which meet the legal and technical requirements are granted patent rights. Sections 12 to 20 of the Indian Patent Act, 1970 outline the procedure of examination, the role and powers of the Controller, and the…

Introduction In the journey of obtaining a patent in India, timelines and procedural rules play a crucial role. The Indian Patent Act, 1970, and the Patent Rules, 2003, clearly outline how and when each step must be taken – from the filing of an application to its examination and eventual grant. Two of the most important milestones in this journey are Publication (Section 11A) and Request for…

In the process of obtaining a patent in India, filing an application is only the first step. A patent is not automatically examined once the application is filed. The applicant must formally request an examination within a prescribed period. This crucial step is governed by Section 11B of the Indian Patent Act, 1970, which lays down the procedure and timelines for requesting the examination of a…

Introduction In the process of interpreting statutes, courts often face situations where two provisions of the same law appear to conflict with each other. At times, even different statutes seem to overlap or contradict. If such conflicts are interpreted rigidly, it may defeat the very purpose of legislation. To resolve this problem, courts apply an important rule of interpretation known as the…

The environment is everything that surrounds us and supports life on Earth. This chapter helps students understand the importance of natural resources such as air, water, soil, and sunlight, and how human activities affect them. It also introduces different types of pollution—air, water, land, and noise—along with their causes, effects, and simple ways to control them. In this post, students…

Introduction Publication of a patent application marks one of the most crucial stages in the patenting process. It transforms the patent application from a confidential submission into a publicly accessible document, thereby ensuring transparency and promoting innovation. Section 11A of the Patents Act, 1970 governs this stage, laying down the rules, exceptions, and effects of publication.…

In the world of intellectual property, timing is everything. A single day’s delay can determine whether an inventor gets exclusive rights to their innovation or loses it to another applicant. This is why understanding priority dates, forms, and filing requirements is a critical part of the patent application process in India. These concepts not only define the scope and validity of a patent but…

In the patent system, the specification is the heart of a patent application. It defines the invention, explains how it works, and sets the boundaries of legal protection that the inventor seeks. Without a properly drafted specification, even a great invention may fail to obtain a patent. The Patents Act, 1970 and the Patent Rules, 2003 clearly describe the importance, content, and procedure for…